Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Classis: Arachnida
Subclassis: Acari
Superordo: Acariformes
Ordo: Trombidiformes
Subordo: Prostigmata
Cohort: Eupodina
Superfamilia: Eriophyoidea
Familiae (3): Diptilomiopidae – Eriophyidae – Phytoptidae
?Nalepellidae ?Pentasetacidae †Ampezzoa – †Triasacarus
Name
Eriophyoidea Nalepa, 1898
References
Amrine, J.W., jr. 1996: Keys to the world genera of the Eriophyoidea (Acari: Prostigmata). Indira Publishing House, Michigan, U.S.A.
Amrine, J.W., jr.; Stasny, T.A. 1994: Catalog of the Eriophyoidea (Acarina: Prostigmata) of the world. Indira Publishing House, Michigan, U.S.A.
Amrine, J.W., jr.; Stasny, T.A.; Flechtmann, C.H.W. 2003: Revised keys to world genera of Eriophyoidea (Acari: Prostigmata). Indira Publishing House, Michigan, U.S.A.
Chetverikov, P.E. 2012: Confocal laser scanning microscopy technique for the study of internal genitalia and external morphology of eriophyoid mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea). Zootaxa 3453: 56–68. Preview Reference page.
Chetverikov, P.E., Desnitskiy, A.G. & Navia, D. 2015: Confocal microscopy refines generic concept of a problematic taxon: rediagnosis of the genus Neoprothrix and remarks on female anatomy of eriophyoids (Acari: Eriophyoidea). Zootaxa 3919(1): 179–191. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3919.1.8. Reference page.
Chetverikov, P.E. & Petanović, R.U. 2016. Description of a new early-derivative mite, Pentasetacus plicatus n. sp. (Acariformes, Eriophyoidea), and remarks on the systematic position of pentasetacines. Zootaxa 4144(2): 211–226. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4144.2.4. Reference page.
Debnath, P. & Karmakar, K. 2016. Eriophyoid mites from Eastern India: description of three new species (Acari: Prostigmata: Eriophyoidea). Zootaxa 4061(5): 553–568. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4061.5.5. Reference page.
Hong, X.-Y.; Zhang, Z.-Q. 1996: A cladistic analysis of the Eriophyoidea (Acari: Prostigmata): tests of monophyly of families. Systematic & applied acarology, 1: 107–122.
Huang, K.-w.; Wang, C.-f. 2009: Eriophyoid mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea) of Taiwan: thirty-seven species from Yangmingshan, including one new genus and twenty-two new species. Zootaxa, 1986: 1–50. Abstract & excerpt
Li, J-W., Wang, Z.H., Xue, X-F. & Zhang, J.P. 2015: Three new species of eriophyoid mites (Acari, Eriophyoidea) from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Zookeys 508: 97–111. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.508.8940 full article view Reference page.
Li, H.-S.; Xue, X.-F.; Hong, X.-Y. 2012: Eriophyoid mites from Qinghai Province, northwestern China with descriptions of nine new species (Acari, Eriophyoidea). ZooKeys, 196: 47–107. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.196.2726
Manson, D.C.M. 1989: New species and records eriophyid mites from New Zealand. New Zealand journal of zoology, 16: 37–49.
Manson, D.C.M.; Gerson, U. 1986: Eriophyoid mites associated with New Zealand ferns. New Zealand journal of zoology, 13: 117–129.
Nalepa, A.; 1898: Eriophyiden (Phytoptiden). Das Tierreich, 4: 1–74.
Pye, D.R.L. 2012: New eriophyoid mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Eriophyoidea) in Britain: one new genus, four new species, 19 new records and two incursions. Zootaxa 3578: 43–68. Preview Reference page.
Xue, X.-F.; Zhang, Z.-Q. 2008: New Zealand Eriophyoidea (Acari: Prostigmata): an update with descriptions of one new genus and six new species. Zootaxa, 1962: 1–32. Abstract & excerpt
Xue, X.-F.; Wang, Z.; Song, Z.-w.; Hong, X.-y. 2009: Eriophyoid mites on Fagaceae with descriptions of seven new genera and eleven new species (Acari: Eriophyoidea). Zootaxa, 2253: 1–95. Abstract & excerpt
Xue, X.-F.; Zhang, Z.-Q. 2009: Eriophyoid mites (Acari: Prostigmata) in Southeast Asia: a synopsis of 104 genera, with an illustrated key to genera and checklist of species. Zootaxa, 2257: 1–128. Abstract & excerpt
Xue, X.-F.; Sadeghi, H.; Hong, X.-Y. 2012: Four new eriophyoid mite species (Acari: Eriophyoidea: Eriophyidae) from Iran. Zootaxa 3544: 28–40. Preview Reference page.
Xue, X.-F.; Guo, J.-f.; Hong, X.-Y. 2013: Eriophyoid mites from northeast China (Acari: Eriophyoidea). Zootaxa 3689(1): 1–123. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3689.1.1 Reference page.
Vernacular names
polski: szpeciele
Eriophyoidea are a superfamily of herbivorous mites. All post-embryonic instars lack the third and fourth pairs of legs, and the respiratory system is also absent.[1]
The taxonomy of this group has always been confused. There were families created for few or even one species, i.e. Ashieldophyidae Mohanasundaram, 1984 and Pentasetacidae Shevchenko, 1991 but these families were placed by J. W. Amrine and T. A. Stasny within larger groups.[1] Today the following three families are believed to belong to superfamily Eriophyoidea:[1]
Eriophyidae Nalepa, 1898
Phytoptidae Murray, 1877
Diptilomiopidae Keifer, 1944
Description
Eriophyoids are no more than 0.5 mm long and usually 0.12 mm long or less. The body shape is usually long and wormlike (vermiform), but it can rarely be flattened or lobulate. At the front end of the body are the mouthparts, a pair of minute palps and two pairs of legs. The posterior part of the body is annulate, meaning it is covered in rings (annuli). The body and legs have some setae but fewer than in other mites (i.e. setation is reduced). In terms of colour, eriophyoids are white to yellowish.[2]
Females have a genital flap posterior to the coxae of the second pair of legs, and they lack genital papillae. Males have reduced genital flaps.[2]
In some species, adult females have two different forms, the protogyne and the deutogyne. Deutogynes normally resemble protogynes, but they can also show differences such as red colouration, different microtubercle structure, broader prodorsal shield, larger body size and dorsal annuli being more sclerotised. This may cause protogynes and deutogynes to be mistaken for different species.[3]
Reproduction
Eriophyoidea reproduce through both internal fertilisation and arrhenotoky (i.e. females producing male offspring without being fertilised). Fertilisation involves males depositing stalked spermatophores on a plant. Females capture spermatophores, crush them to extract the sperm and store this in spermathecae.[4]
Female eriophyoids lay spherical eggs.[2]
Ecology
All of the Eriophyoidea are parasites of plants. This is reflected in common names such as "blister mites", "bud mites", "gall mites" and "rust mites". The superfamily includes many important crop pests, some of which transmit plant diseases.[2]
As previously mentioned, some eriophyoid species can produce two forms of females. The deutogyne form is more tolerant of adverse conditions than the protogyne form. This polymorphism mainly occurs in species on deciduous plants that experience well-defined winters.[3]
Evolution
The group is ancient. Forms with two pairs of legs, already similar to the modern ones, have been found in Triassic amber from Italy: Ampezzoa, Triasacarus,[5] Minyacarus and Cheirolepidoptus, which were specialised on extinct conifers of family Cheirolepidiaceae. The four genera were subsequently placed in a new extinct clade, the Triasacaroidea, which is the sister group to the extant Eriophyoidea.[6]
Phylogeny
While traditionally considered members of the clade Trombidiformes, they have been found to be an early diverging mite clade outside the clade containing Trombidiformes and Sarcoptiformes in recent genomic analyses.[7]
References
Ewert E. Lindquist, M. W. Sabelis & Jan Bruin, ed. (1996). Eriophyoid Mites: their Biology, Natural Enemies, and Control. World Crop Pests. Vol. 6. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-444-88628-6.
"Eupodides, Eriophyoidea". idtools.org. Retrieved 2023-01-16.
Guo, Jing-Feng; Li, Hao-Sen; Wang, Bing; Xue, Xiao-Feng; Hong, Xiao-Yue (2015). "DNA barcoding reveals the protogyne and deutogyne of Tegolophus celtis sp. nov. (Acari: Eriophyidae)". Experimental and Applied Acarology. 67 (3): 393–410. doi:10.1007/s10493-015-9953-9. ISSN 0168-8162. PMID 26246188. S2CID 254262847.
Chetverikov, Philipp E. (2015). "Confocal microscopy reveals uniform male reproductive anatomy in eriophyoid mites (Acariformes, Eriophyoidea) including spermatophore pump and paired vasa deferentia". Experimental and Applied Acarology. 66 (4): 555–574. doi:10.1007/s10493-015-9924-1. ISSN 0168-8162. PMID 26043829. S2CID 254266541.
Schmidt, A. R.; Jancke, S.; Lindquist, E. E.; Ragazzi, E.; Roghi, G.; Nascimbene, P. C.; Schmidt, K.; Wappler, T.; Grimaldi, D. A. (2012). "Arthropods in amber from the Triassic Period". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (37): 14796–15501. doi:10.1073/pnas.1208464109. PMC 3443139. PMID 22927387.
Sidorchuk, Ekaterina A.; Schmidt, Alexander R.; Ragazzi, Eugenio; Roghi, Guido; Lindquist, Evert E. (February 2015). "Plant-feeding mite diversity in Triassic amber (Acari: Tetrapodili)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 13 (2): 129–151. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.867373. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 85055941.
Arribas, Paula; Andújar, Carmelo; Moraza, María Lourdes; Linard, Benjamin; Emerson, Brent C; Vogler, Alfried P (2020-03-01). Teeling, Emma (ed.). "Mitochondrial Metagenomics Reveals the Ancient Origin and Phylodiversity of Soil Mites and Provides a Phylogeny of the Acari". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 37 (3): 683–694. doi:10.1093/molbev/msz255. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 31670799.
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