Dipluridae

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Classis: Arachnida
Ordo: Araneae
Subordo: Opisthothelae
Infraordo: Mygalomorphae
Superfamilia: Dipluroidea

Familia: Dipluridae
Subfamiliae: Diplurinae – Euagrinae – Masteriinae
Genera incertae subfamiliae: Leptothele – Troglodiplura
Conspectus generum

Allothele – Andethele – Australothele – Caledothele – Carrai – Cethegus – Chilehexops – Diplura – Euagrus – Harmonicon – Indothele – Ischnothele – Lathrothele – Leptothele – Linothele – Masteria – Microhexura – Namirea – Phyxioschema – Stenygrocercus – Striamea – Thelechoris – Trechona – Troglodiplura – †Alterphyxioschemoides – †Cethegoides – †Phyxioschemoides
Name

Dipluridae Simon, 1889

Type genus: Diplura C.L. Koch, 1850
References

Simon, E. 1889. Arachnides. In Voyage de M. E. Simon au Venezuela (décembre 1887-avril 1888). 4e Mémoire. Annales de la Société entomologique de France (6) 9: 169–220. [187]

Links

The World Spider Catalog, Version 15.5

Vernacular names
English: Funnel-web tarantulas
русский: Воронковые тарантулы
中文: 上户蛛科

he family Dipluridae, known as curtain-web spiders (or confusingly with other distantly related ones as funnel-web tarantulas[2]) are a group of spiders in the infraorder Mygalomorphae, that have two pairs of booklungs, and chelicerae (fangs) that move up and down in a stabbing motion. A number of genera, including that of the Sydney funnel-web spider (Atrax), used to be classified in this family but have now been moved to Atracidae.
Description

Dipluridae lack a rastellum (stout conical spines) on their chelicerae. Their carapace is characterized by the head region not being higher than the thoracic region. Their posterior median spinnerets (silk-extruding organs) are much shorter than their posterior lateral spinnerets, which have three segments, and are elongated (almost as long as their opisthosoma). Most of the species are medium to small-sized spiders; some may measure about 15 mm.[3] The cave species Masteria caeca is eyeless.
Biology

Members of this family often build rather messy funnel-webs. Some build silk-lined burrows instead of webs (Diplura, Trechona, some Linothele sp.). They generally build their retreats in crevices in earthen banks, the bark of trees, under logs or in leaf litter.[3]
Distribution

As circumscribed as of July 2020, the family is mostly found in South America and the Caribbean, with some genera found in Australia and Oceania.[4]
Genera
Main article: List of Dipluridae species

As of July 2020, the World Spider Catalog accepted the following genera:[4]

Diplura C. L. Koch, 1850 — South America
Harmonicon F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896 — Brazil
Linothele Karsch, 1879 — South America
Masteria L. Koch, 1873 — South America, Caribbean, Philippines, Central America, Oceania
Siremata Passanha & Brescovit, 2018 — Brazil
Striamea Raven, 1981 — Colombia
Trechona C. L. Koch, 1850 — Brazil
Troglodiplura Main, 1969 — Australia

Transferred to other families

The following genera are now placed in other families (elevated from subfamilies):[5][6]

Allothele Tucker, 1920 → Euagridae
Andethele Coyle, 1995 → Ischnothelidae
Australothele Raven, 1984 → Euagridae
Caledothele Raven, 1991 → Euagridae
Carrai Raven, 1984 → Euagridae
Cethegus Thorell, 1881 → Euagridae
Chilehexops Coyle, 1986 → Euagridae
Euagrus Ausserer, 1875 → Euagridae
Indothele Coyle, 1995 → Ischnothelidae
Ischnothele Ausserer, 1875 → Ischnothelidae
Lathrothele Benoit, 1965 → Ischnothelidae
Leptothele Raven & Schwendinger, 1995 → Euagridae
Microhexura Crosby & Bishop, 1925 → Microhexuridae
Namirea Raven, 1984 → Euagridae
Phyxioschema Simon, 1889 → Euagridae
Stenygrocercus Simon, 1892 → Euagridae
Thelechoris Karsch, 1881 → Ischnothelidae
Vilchura Ríos-Tamayo & Goloboff, 2017 → Euagridae

Extinct species

Extinct genera and species that have been placed in this family include:[7]

†Clostes Menge, 1869 — , Eocene Baltic amber
†Clostes priscus (Menge, 1869)
†Cretadiplura Selden, 2005 — Early Cretaceous (Aptian) Crato Formation, Brazil[1]
†Cretadiplura ceara Selden, 2005
†Dinodiplura Selden, 2005 — Early Cretaceous (Aptian) Crato Formation, Brazil[1]
†Dinodiplura ambulacra Selden, 2005
†Seldischnoplura Raven, Jell & Knezour, 2015 — , Early Cretaceous (Aptian) Crato Formation, Brazil[1]
†Seldischnoplura seldeni Raven, Jell & Knezour, 2015
†Edwa Raven, Jell & Knezour, 2015 — Late Triassic (Norian) Blackstone Formation, Australia[1]
†Edwa maryae Raven, Jell & Knezour, 2015
† Phyxioschemoides Wunderlich, 2015 — Cretaceous Burmese amber[8]
† Phyxioschemoides collembola Wunderlich, 2015
† Cethegoides Wunderlich, 2017 — Cretaceous Burmese amber[9]
† Cethegoides patricki Wunderlich, 2017

See also

Spider families

References

Robert J. Raven, Peter A. Jell and Robert A. Knezour (2015). "Edwa maryae gen. et sp. nov. in the Norian Blackstone Formation of the Ipswich Basin—the first Triassic spider (Mygalomorphae) from Australia". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 39 (2): 259–263. doi:10.1080/03115518.2015.993300. S2CID 131277819.
Raven, R.J. (1985). "The spider Infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 182: 1–180.
Murphy & Murphy 2000
"Family: Dipluridae Simon, 1889". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2020-07-15.
"Family: Euagridae Raven, 1979". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2020-07-12.
"Family Ischnothelidae F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 (genus list)". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2020-07-15.
Dunlop, J.A.; Penney, D. & Jekel, D. (2017), "A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives, version 18.0" (PDF), World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern, retrieved 2017-07-08
Jörg Wunderlich (2015). "On the evolution and the classification of spiders, the Mesozoic spider faunas, and descriptions of new Cretaceous taxa mainly in amber from Myanmar (Burma) (Arachnida: Araneae)". In Jörg Wunderlich (ed.). Beiträge zur Araneologie, 9: Mesozoic spiders and other fossil arachnids. pp. 21–408.

Jörg Wunderlich (2017). "New and rare fossil spiders (Araneae) in mid Cretaceous amber from Myanmar (Burma), including the description of new extinct families of the suborders Mesothelae and Opisthothelae as well as notes on the taxonomy, the evolution and the biogeography of the Mesothelae". In Jörg Wunderlich (ed.). Beiträge zur Araneologie, 10. pp. 72–279.

Murphy, Frances & Murphy, John (2000): An Introduction to the Spiders of South East Asia. Malaysian Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur.