Sium sisarum

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Campanulids
Ordo: Apiales

Familia: Apiaceae
Subfamilia: Apioideae
Tribus: Oenantheae
Genus: Sium
Species: Sium sisarum
Subspecies: S. s. subsp. sisaroideum – S. s. subsp. sisarum
Name

Sium sisarum L., 1753
References

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus I: 251. Reference page.

Links

Hassler, M. 2018. Sium sisarum. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2018. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2018 Aug. 25. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2018. Sium sisarum. Published online. Accessed: Aug. 25 2018.
The Plant List 2013. Sium sisarum in The Plant List Version 1.1. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2018 Aug. 25.
Tropicos.org 2018. Sium sisarum. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2018 Aug. 25.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Sium sisarum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 07-Oct-06.

Vernacular names
Deutsch: Zuckerwurzel, Gierlen, Görlin, Zuckerwurz, Zuckermerk
English: Skirret, Crummock
español: Escaravía
suomi: Sokerijuuri
français: Chervis, Berle des Bergers, Chirouis, Girole
italiano: Sisaro
Nederlands: Sigaarwortel, suikerwortel
norsk: Søtkjeks
polski: Marek Kucmerka
Scots: Crummock

Sium sisarum, commonly known as skirret,[1] is a perennial plant of the family Apiaceae sometimes grown as a root vegetable. The English name skirret is derived from the Middle English 'skirwhit' or 'skirwort', meaning 'white root'. In Scotland it is known as crummock. Its Danish name sukkerrod, Dutch name suikerwortel [2] and German name "Zuckerwurzel" translate as 'sugar root'.

Skirret has a cluster of bright white, sweetish, somewhat aromatic roots, each approximately 15–20 centimetres (5.9–7.9 in) in length. These are used as a vegetable in the same manner as the common salsify, black salsify and the parsnip.[3]

The plant is of Chinese origin , but arrived in Europe by or before Roman times. It is presumed to be the siser mentioned by Pliny the Elder as a favourite of the Emperor Tiberius,[4] though this may have also been a reference to a parsnip or carrot.

The twelfth-century Benedictine abbess Hildegard von Bingen discussed the medicinal properties of skirret in her work Physica:

Skirret (gerla) is hot and dry. Eaten in moderation, it is not very helpful or harmful. If someone should eat a lot of it, its heat and dryness would stir up fevers in him and harm his intestines. A person whose face has weak skin, which easily splits, should pound skirret in a mortar and add oil. When he goes to bed at night, he should rub it on his face, continuing until he is healed.

A 1390 manuscript The Forme of Cury used by King Richard II of England's master cooks included two recipes for fritters that included 'skyrwates'.[2]

Maud Grieve in A Modern Herbal mentions that it has been cultivated in Great Britain since 1548 and is supposed to be a useful diet in chest complaints.[3] The seventeenth-century English herbalist Nicholas Culpeper said about the plant:[5]

Sisari, secacul. Of Scirrets. They are hot and moist, of good nourishment, something windy, as all roots are; by reason of which, they provoke venery, they stir up appetite, and provoke urine.

John Gerard's Herball or General Historie of Plantes of 1633 describes skirret thus:

Sisarum. Skirrets. The roots of the Skirret be moderately hot and moist; they be easily concocted; they nourish meanly, and yeeld a reasonable good iuice: but they are something windie, by reason whereof they also prouoke lust. They be eaten boiled, with vineger, salt, and a little oile, after the manner of a sallad, and oftentimes they be fried in oile and butter, and also dressed after other fashions, according to the skil of the cooke, and the taste of the eater...

When boiled and served with butter, the roots form a dish, declared by the seventeenth-century agriculturist John Worlidge in 1682, to be "the sweetest, whitest, and most pleasant of roots".
Cultivation

Skirret grows about 1 m (40 in) high and is very resistant to cold, as well as pests and diseases. It can be grown from seeds, but may also be started from root divisions. The roots are best eaten when the plant is dormant during the winter, as in the spring, the roots become woody and covered with small hairs. Lack of moisture can also make the root more fibrous. The plant prefers sandy and moist soil.
Culinary use

The roots are scrubbed, cut into lengths, boiled, and served like parsnips or carrots. Skirret roots can be stewed, baked, roasted, fried in batter as fritter, or creamed, and also be grated and used raw in salads. A woody core may be present in some roots, though this seems to be variable in different plants. If present, it should be removed before cooking because it is difficult to remove after.
Recipes
Lentils and Skirrets with Bacon (Medieval recipe)

Put 125 g of bacon, chicken giblets of one chicken, and 8 garlic cloves into a stewing pan with 1 litre of water and cook 30 minutes, skimming often. Strain and reserve the bacon and giblets. Put the stock in a clean stewing pan with 3 cups (750 ml) of water. Add 500 g of green or brown lentils, 3 teaspoons of salt, and half a teaspoon of ground ginger. Chop the giblets and add this to the pot. Chop part of the bacon, enough to yield half a cup (50 g) and add this to the lentil mixture.

Cook 20 minutes over medium heat, then add 1 cup (100g) of sliced skirrets. Continue cooking until the skirrets are tender (about 15 minutes), then add a quarter cup of chopped parsley, half a cup of chopped spring onions, and a quarter cup of dill. Serve immediately in a bowl with the remaining piece of boiled bacon on top.

— Reconstructed from a Medieval recipe from Poland.[6]
Fritters of Skirrets, Parsnips and Apples (1460)

Take skirrets, parsnips and apples, and parboil them. Make a batter of flour and eggs. Cast ale, saffron and salt into it. Wet them in the batter and fry them in oil or in grease. Pour on almond milk and serve it forth.

— From John Russell, Boke of Nurture, c. 1460[a]
Skirret Pie (1653)

Take a quarter of a peck of Skerrets blanched, and sliced, season them with three Nutmegs, and an ounce of Cinnamon, and three ounces of Sugar, and ten quartered Dates, and the Marrow of three bones, rouled in yolks of Eggs, and one quarter of a pound of Ringo roots,[b] and preserved Lettice, a sliced Lemon, four blades of Mace, three or four branches of preserved Barberries, and a half a pound of Butter, then let it stand one hour in the oven, then put a caudle made of white Wine, Verjuyce, Butter, and Sugar, put into the pye when it comes out of the oven.

— From Elizabeth Grey, Countess of Kent, A True Gentlewomans Delight, 1653
Skirret Pie (1654)

Take your skirrets and boil them, skin them, then cut them to lengths about two or three inches. Wash them with yolks of eggs and season with salt, ginger, cinnamon, nutmeg. Put to them some chestnuts boiled and blanched and some yolks of hard-boiled eggs split, and lay over some sliced lemon. Put over butter and close it in a raised coffin.[c]

— From The Receipt Book of Joseph Cooper, Cook to Charles I, 1654
Skirret Pie (1727)

Boil your biggest skirrets and blanch and season them with cinnamon, nutmeg, and a very little ginger and sugar. Your pye being ready lay in your skirrets; season also the marrow of three or four bones with cinnamon, sugar, a little salt and grated bread. Lay the marrow in your pye and the yolks of hard eggs, a handful of chestnuts boiled and blanched, and some candied orange-peel in slices. Lay butter on the top and lid your pye. Let your caudle be white wine and sugar, thicken it with the yolks of eggs, and when the pye is baked pour it in and serve it hot. Scrape sugar on it.

— From E. Smith, The Compleat Housewife, 1727
Skirret Pie (1761)

Take the largest skirrets you can get & parboyle them & peel them & season them with cinnimon & powder sugar & put them in a dish with a good deal of fresh butter & some sliced citron & candid orange peel & candid eringoroot, 3 spoonfuls of rose water, 4 of white wine, some Jerusalem hartichokes boyled & sliced. Make it with cold butter paste. When it coms out of the oven, have ready a caudle made of half a pint of sack, some sugar & nutmeg & the yolks of 4 eggs & a print of butter poured on it very hot & the lid laid on it again.

— From The Cookbook of Unknown Ladies, circa 1761
Skirret Fritters (1789)

To a pint of pulp of skirrets add a spoonful of flour, the yolks of four eggs, sugar and spice. Make them into a thick batter, and fry them quick.

— From John Farley The London Art of Cookery, and Housekeeper's Complete Assistant. 1789
Notes

The original text is: "Take skyrwaters and pasternakes and apples and parboile h em. Make a bator of floer and ayren. Cast thereto ale, safron and salt. Wete hem in the bator, and frye hem in oile or in grece. Do thereto almandes mylk and serve it forth."
This refers to the roots of Eryngium.

This refers to a high casing or crust of pastry, as for a pie.

References

"Sium sisarum". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
Smith, Keith (1998). Growing Uncommon Fruits & Vegetables in Australia. New Holland. p. 131. ISBN 1864363541.
Grieve, Maud (1931). A Modern Herbal. Peregrine Books. p. 742.
Pliny the Elder Natural History, 19. 27. 90
Culpeper, Nicholas (October 2006). Culpeper's Complete Herbal & English Physician. p. 226. ISBN 9781557090805.
Dembinska, Maria (translated by Weaver, William) (1999). Food and Drink in Medieval Poland (PDF). University of Pennsylvania Press.