Rosa gallica

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids I
Ordoo: Rosales

Familia: Rosaceae
Subfamilia: Rosoideae
Tribus: Roseae
Genus: Rosa
Subgenus: R. subg. Rosa
Sectio: R. sect. Gallicae
Species: Rosa gallica
Name

Rosa gallica L. (1753)
Synonyms

Heterotypic
Rosa arvina Krock., Fl. Siles., 2 (1) : 150 (1790).
Rosa assimilis Déségl., Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 15: 110 (1873).
Rosa atropurpurea Boullu, Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 9: 274 (1882), nom. illeg. non Brot. (1805)
Rosa aurelianensis Red. ex Link, Handbuch 2: 93 (1831).
Rosa austriaca Crantz, Stirp. Austr. Fasc. 2: 33 (1763).
Rosa belgica Brot., Fl. Lusit. 2: 338 (1804).
Rosa burgundiaca Ehrh., Beitr. Naturk. 6: 97 (1791) BHL, nom. inval.
Rosa centifolia [unranked] pomponia-minor Ser., Mélanges Bot. 1(1): 25 (1818) BHL.
Rosa centipetala Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. 3: 133 (1812), [[nom. illeg.]]
Rosa chrshanovskii Dubovik, Novosti Sist. Vyss. Rast. 1966: 172 (1966).
Rosa cordata Cariot, Étude Fl., éd. 7, 2: 278 (1884).
Rosa cordifolia Chabert ex Cariot #, Étude Fl., éd. 5, 2: 280 (1872), non Host (1831).
Rosa cordifolia Host, Fl. Austr., 2: 23 (1831).
Rosa crenulata Chrshan., Bot. Zurn. (Kiev, 6 (4) : 88 (1949), non Greene (1912)
Rosa czackiana Besser, Enum. Pl. Volhyn. : 61 (1821).
Rosa centifolia [unranked] multiplex Ser., Mélanges Bot. 1(1): 28 (1818) BHL.
Rosa centifolia [unranked] versicolor (L.) Ser., Mélanges Bot. 1(1): 28 (1818) BHL.
Rosa gallica [unranked] agatha Thory, Prodr. Monogr. Ros. 92 (1820) [1].
Rosa gallica f. pumila (Jacq. ex Poir.) Fiori in Fiori & Paol., Fl. Italia 4: 126 (1907).
Rosa gallica proles cordata (Cariot) Rouy & E.G.Camus in Rouy, E.G.Camus & Boulay, Fl. Fr., 6: 253 (1900).
Rosa gallica proles gallorum Rouy & E.G.Camus in Rouy, E.G.Camus & Boulay, Fl. Fr., 6: 252 (1900).
Rosa gallica proles incarnata (Mill.) Rouy & E.G.Camus in Rouy, E.G.Camus & Boulay, Fl. Fr., 6: 255 (1900).
Rosa gallica proles officinalis Rouy & E.G.Camus in Rouy, E.G.Camus & Boulay, Fl. Fr., 6: 252 (1900).
Rosa gallica proles rubra Rouy & E.G.Camus in Rouy, E.G.Camus & Boulay, Fl. Fr., 6: 254 (1900).
Rosa gallica subsp. austriaca (Crantz) Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur. 1: 231 (1878).
Rosa gallica subsp. pumila (Jacq. ex Poir.) Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur. 1: 231 (1878).
Rosa gallica subvar. pumila (Jacq. ex Poir.) R.Keller & Gams in Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. 4(2): 1004 (1923).
Rosa gallica var. agatha (Thory) Loisel.
Rosa gallica var. austriaca (Crantz) Heinr. Braun in Beck, Fl. Nieder-Österreich 2(1): 779 (1892).
Rosa gallica var. conditorum Dieck
Rosa gallica var. eriostyla Borbás ap. R.Keller & Gams in Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. 4(2): 1004 (1923).
Rosa gallica var. eriostyla R.Keller in Asch. & Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(1): 48 (1900), nom. illeg.?
Rosa gallica var. incarnata (Mill.) R.Keller in Denkschr. Schweiz. Naturf. Ges. 65: 112 (1931).
Rosa gallica var. officinalis Thory, in P.J.Redouté, Roses 1: 73, t. 146 (1818).
Rosa gallica var. plena Regel
Rosa gallica var. pumila Jacq. ex Poir. in Lam., Encycl. 6: 278 (1804).
Rosa gallica var. pumila (Jacq.) H.Braun
Rosa gallica var. rosa-mundi West
Rosa gallica var. ruralis (Déségl.) Rouy & E.G.Camus in Rouy, E.G.Camus & Boulay, Fl. Fr., 6: 255.
Rosa gallica var. splendens hort.
Rosa gallica var. variegata Andr.
Rosa gallica var. velutinaeflora Cariot
Rosa gallica var. versicolor L., Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 1: 704 (1762).
Rosa gallica var. violacea hort.
Rosa granata Red. ex Link, Handbuch 2: 93 (1831).
Rosa grandiflora Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 358 (1796), nom. illeg.
Rosa heteroacantha Chrshan., Bull. Bot. Acad. Sci. Ukr., 6 (4) : 92 (1950).
Rosa incarnata Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8 n.° 14 or 19 (1768).
Rosa millesia L., Fl. Monsp. : 10 (1756), [[nom. nud.]]
Rosa millesia L., Amoen. Acad. 4: 484 (1759).
Rosa minimalis Chrshan., Bot. Zurn. (Kiev, 6 (1) : 61 (1949).
Rosa oligacantha Borbás, Magyar Tud. Akad. Értes., 16: 36, 373 (1880).
Rosa parvifolia Ehrh., Beitr. Naturk. 6: 97 (1791) BHL.
Rosa provincialis Herrm., De Rosa 9-10 (1762).
Rosa provincialis var. centifolia (L.) Borkh., Vers. Forstbot. Beschr. 327 (1790).
Rosa pumila Jacq., Fl. Austriac., 2: 50 (1773), [[nom. illeg.]] nonon Scop. (1771)
Rosa pumila Jacq., Fl. Austriac. 2: 59, tab. 198 (1774), nom. ililleg.
Rosa pumila Scop., Fl. Carniol., ed. 2, 1: 353 (1771).
Rosa pumila var. officinalis (Andr.) P.V.Heath
Rosa pygmaea M.Bieb., Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 1: 397 (1808).
Rosa remensis DC. in DC. & Lam. Fl. Franc., ed. 3. 4: 443 (1805).
Rosa repens Münchh., Hausvater, 5: 281 (1770).
Rosa rubra Lam., Fl. Franç. 3: 130 (1779), nom. illeg.
Rosa ruralis Déségl., Mém. Soc. Acad. Maine Loire, 10: 79 (1861).
Rosa sylvatica Gaterau, Descr. Pl. Montauban 94 (1789), [[nom. illeg.]]
Rosa tauriae Chrshan.
Rosa tenuis Becker, Fl. Frankfurt. 1: 285 (1827).
Rosa velutinaeflora (Cariot) Déségl. & Ozanon in Déségl., Mém. Soc. Acad. Maine Loire, 28: 107 (1873).
Rosa versicolor (L.) Steud., Nomencl. Bot. 1: 703 (1821) BHL.
Rosa virescens Déségl., Mém. Soc. Acad. Maine Loire, 10: 73 (1861).

Hybrids

R. × alba – R. × apricoides – R. × borboniana – R. × centifolia – R. × damascena – R. × dupontii – R. × evratina – R. × formosula – R. × francofurtana – R. × polliniana – R. × portlandica – R. × pseudoflexuosa – R. × reichenbachiana – R. × richardii – R. × sennenii – R. × sylvicola – R. × terebinthinacea – R. × waitziana
References

Brumme, H. & Gladis, T. (2007) Die Wildrosen (Gattung Rosa L.)im Europa-Rosarium Sangerhausen, nach ihrer Verwandtschaft geordnet [2].
Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus I: 492. Reference page.
Silvestre, S. & Montserrat, P. (1998). Rosa L, In: Munoz-Garmendia E., Navarro (eds.) Flora Iberica vol. VI, Rosaceae. Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, pp. 143-195. Published on internet (2009) Aug 10 [3].
Tela Botanica (2000-2009) Le réseau des Botanistes Francophones (2009) Aug 09 [4].

Vernacular names
العربية: ورد فرنسي
azərbaycanca: Fransa qızılgülü
български: Галска роза
català: Rosa gàl·lica
čeština: Růže galská
Cymraeg: Rhosyn coch Caerhirfryn
dansk: Fransk rose
Deutsch: Essig-Rose
English: French Rose
Esperanto: Gaŭla rozo
español: Rosal de Castilla
eesti: Äädika-kibuvits
فارسی: رز گالیکا
suomi: Gallianruusu
français: Rosier de France
hrvatski: Galska ruža
hornjoserbsce: Kisałowa róža
magyar: Parlagi rózsa
日本語: ロサ・ガリカ
lietuvių: Prancūzinis erškėtis
മലയാളം: റോസ ഗാലിക
Nederlands: Franse roos
polski: Róża francuska
پنجابی: جلیقی گلاب
português: Rosa-rubra
русский: Шиповник французский
slovenčina: Ruža galská
svenska: Gallicarosor
Türkçe: Kırmızı frenk gülü
українська: Шипшина французька
中文: 法国蔷薇

Rosa gallica, the Gallic rose, French rose, or rose of Provins, is a species of flowering plant in the rose family, native to southern and central Europe eastwards to Turkey and the Caucasus. Rosa gallica was one of the first species of rose to be cultivated in central Europe.[2] It is a parent of several important cultivars.

Description

Rosa gallica is a deciduous shrub forming large patches. The slender, straight prickles are various in size and frequency in this species.[2][3] The leaves are pinnately-compound, with three to seven bluish-green leaflets. The flowers are clustered one to four together, on glandular pedicels. Each flower has five or more petals, sometimes producing double corollas.[2] The flowers are fragrant and deep pink. The hips are globose to ovoid, 10–13 mm diameter, and orange to brownish.

In the field of Food science, rose petal extract from Rosa gallica has been shown to have properties that reduce inflammation and wrinkling in human skin.[4][5]
Gallica cultivar group

Cultivars of the species R. gallica and hybrids close in appearance are considered as a cultivar group, the Gallica Group roses. Their exact ancestry is usually unknown and other species may be involved. They are easily cultivated. The Gallica Group roses share the vegetative characters of the species:

forming low suckering shrubs,
flowers can be single, but most commonly are double or semidouble,
colours range from white (rare) to pink and deep purple, and
once flowering

Apothecary's rose

Plants with semidouble deep pink flowers have been treated as either a variety, under the name R. gallica var. officinalis,[6] or as a cultivar, R. gallica 'Officinalis'.[7] It is also called the apothecary's rose, the crimson damask rose, or the red rose of Lancaster.[8] It is the county flower of Lancashire. A cultivar R. gallica var. officinalis 'Versicolor', with striped pink blooms, is also known as Rosa mundi.[9]

The names Rosa gallica f. trigintipetala or Rosa 'Trigintipetala' are considered to be synonyms of Rosa × damascena.[10]
Cultivation

It was cultivated by the Greek and Romans and commonly used in mediaeval gardens. Until the 19th century it was the most important species of rose to be cultivated, and most modern European rose cultivars have at least a small contribution from R. gallica in their ancestry.[2]

Rosa gallica is easily cultivated on well drained soil in full sun to semishade; it can survive temperatures down to −25 °C.

The following cultivars and hybrids currently hold the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

'Beau Narcisse' (Mielles pre-1824)[11]
'Charles de Mills' (pre-1790)[12]
'Duc de Guiche' (pre-1810)[13]
'Duchesse de Montebello' (Laffay 1824)[14]
'Président de Sèze'[15]
var. officinalis[16] (sometimes listed as a cultivar 'Officinalis', rather than a variety)
'Versicolor' ('Rosa mundi')[17]
'Tuscany Superb'[18]

Other notable cultivars include:

'Cardinal de Richelieu' (Parmentier pre-1847; withdrawn)[19] – this rose was used as a starting point for genetic engineering to produce the first blue rose
'Complicata'[20]

References

"Rosa portlandica Rössig | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
"Rosa gallica". Go Botany. New England Wildflower Society. Retrieved 2018-10-07.
Clements, F. E.; Butters, F.K.; Rosendahl, C. O. (1912). "Minnesota trees and shrubs: an illustrated manual of the native and cultivated woody plants of the State". Report of the Botanical Survey. 9.
Lee, Myung-hee; Nam, Tae Gyu; Lee, Inil; Shin, Eun Ju; Han, Ah-ram; Lee, Pomjoo; Lee, Sung-Young; Lim, Tae-Gyu (2018-10-25). "Skin anti-inflammatory activity of rose petal extract (Rosa gallica) through reduction of MAPK signaling pathway". Food Science & Nutrition. 6 (8): 2560–2567. doi:10.1002/fsn3.870. ISSN 2048-7177. PMC 6261181. PMID 30510758.
Song, Young-Ran; Lim, Won-Chul; Han, Ahram; Lee, Myung-Hee; Shin, Eun Ju; Lee, Kwang-Min; Nam, Tae-Gyu; Lim, Tae-Gyu (2020-08-23). "Rose Petal Extract (Rosa gallica) Exerts Skin Whitening and Anti-Skin Wrinkle Effects". Journal of Medicinal Food. 23 (8): 870–878. doi:10.1089/jmf.2020.4705. ISSN 1557-7600. PMID 32609563. S2CID 220307850.
RHS Horticultural Database: Rosa gallica var. officinalis, Royal Horticultural Society, retrieved 2011-07-24
Phillips & Rix (2004), The Ultimate Guide to Roses : a comprehensive selection, London: Macmillan, ISBN 978-1-4050-4920-7
RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
"BBC plant finder - Rosa mundi". Retrieved 31 May 2013.
"Rosa gallica f. trigintipetala". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2017-12-18.
"Rosa 'Beau Narcisse'". David Austin Roses. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
"Rosa 'Charles de Mills'". RHS. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
"Rosa 'Duc de Guiche'". RHS. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
"Rosa 'Duchesse de Montebello'". RHS. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
"Rosa 'Président de Sèze'". RHS. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
"Rosa gallica var. officinalis". RHS. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
"Rosa gallica 'Versicolor' (rosa mundi)". RHS. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
"Rosa 'Tuscany Superb'". RHS. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
"Rosa 'Cardinal de Richelieu'". RHS.
"Rosa 'Complicata'". RHS. Retrieved 28 June 2021.