Lysimachia europaea

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Ordo: Ericales

Familia: Primulaceae
Subfamilia: Myrsinoideae
Genus: Lysimachia
Species: Lysimachia europaea
Name

Lysimachia europaea (L.) U.Manns & Anderb., Willdenowia 39: 51 (2009).
Synonyms

Basionym
Trientalis europaea L., Sp. Pl.: 344 (1753).
Homotypic
Lysimachia trientalis Klatt, Linnaea 37: 499 (1872).
Alsinanthemum europaeum (L.) Greene, Man. Bot. San Francisco: 238 (1894).
Heterotypic
Trientalis arctica Fisch. ex Hook., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 121 (1838).
Trientalis europaea subsp. arctica (Fisch. ex Hook.) Hultén, Kongl. Svenska Vetensk. Acad. Handl., ser. 3, 5(4): 56 (1930).
Trientalis europaea var. aleutica Tatew. & Kobayashi, J. Fac. Agric. Hokkaido Imp. Univ. 36: 74 (1934).
Trientalis europaea var. angustifolia Torr., Fl. N. Middle United States 1: 383 (1824).
Trientalis europaea var. eurasiatica R.Knuth in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 237: 313 (1905).
Trientalis alsiniflora Gilib., Fl. Lit. Inch. 1: 31 (1782).
Trientalis ramosa Koidz., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 43: 386 (1929).
Trientalis reichelii Opiz ex R.Knuth in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 237: 313 (1905).
Trientalis stella Baudo, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2, 20: 346 (1843).
Trientalis europaea var. hyperborea V.G.Sergienko, Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 17: 245 (1980).

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Europe
Regional: Northern Europe
Denmark, Finland, Great Britain, Iceland, Norway, Sweden.
Regional: Middle Europe
Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland.
Regional: Southwestern Europe
France.
Regional: Southeastern Europe
Italy, Romania.
Regional: Eastern Europe
Belarus, Baltic States, Central European Russia, East European Russia, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Ukraine.
Continental: Asia-Temperate
Regional: Siberia
Altay, Buryatiya, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, West Siberia, Yakutskiya.
Regional: Russian Far East
Amur, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Kuril Islands, Magadan, Primorye, Sakhalin.
Regional: Middle Asia
Kazakhstan.
Regional: China
Inner Mongolia, Manchuria, China North-Central.
Regional: Mongolia
Mongolia.
Regional: Eastern Asia
Korea.
Continental: Northern America
Regional: Subarctic America
Aleutian Islands, Alaska, Greenland, Northwest Territories, Yukon.
Regional: Western Canada
Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan.
Regional: Northwestern U.S.A.
Idaho, Oregon, Washington.
Regional: Southwestern U.S.A.
California.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Manns, U. & Anderberg, A.A. 2009. New combinations and names in Lysimachia (Myrsinaceae) for species of Anagallis, Pelletiera and Trientalis. Willdenowia 39(1): 49–54. DOI: 10.3372/wi.39.39103 Full text (PDF). Reference page.

Links

Hassler, M. 2021. World Plants. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. . Lysimachia europaea. Accessed: 1 Aug 2021.
Hassler, M. 2021. Lysimachia europaea – World Ferns: Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World . In: Roskov Y., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., De Wever A., Nieukerken E. van, Zarucchi J. & Penev L. (eds.) 2021. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Aug 1.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Lysimachia europaea in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Aug 1. Reference page.
Tropicos.org 2021. Lysimachia europaea. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Aug 1.
International Plant Names Index. 2021. Lysimachia europaea. Published online. Accessed: 1 Aug 2021.

Vernacular names
Cymraeg: Gwerddig
dansk: Almindelig Skovstjerne
Deutsch: Europäischer Siebenstern
English: Chickweed-wintergreen
eesti: Harilik laanelill
suomi: Metsätähti
français: Trientale d'Europe
hornjoserbsce: Europski sedmačk
magyar: Harmatos hegyékesség, Európa hegyékessége
日本語: ツマトリソウ
한국어: 기생꽃
lietuvių: Miškinė septynikė
norsk bokmål: Skogstjerne
Nederlands: Zevenster
norsk nynorsk: Skogstjerne
polski: Siódmaczek leśny
русский: Седмичник европейский
davvisámegiella: Guolbbanásti
slovenčina: Sedmokvietok európsky
svenska: Skogsstjärna
中文（简体）: 七瓣莲
中文（繁體）: 七瓣蓮
中文（臺灣）: 七瓣蓮
中文: 七瓣莲

Lysimachia europaea (formerly known as Trientalis europaea) is a flowering plant in the primrose family Primulaceae, called by the common name chickweed-wintergreen[2] or arctic starflower.[3] It is a small herbaceous perennial plant with one or more whorls of leaves on a single slender erect stem.[4] It is about one third of a foot high (10 cm), giving it its generic name.? The broad lanceolate leaves are pale green but take on a copper hue in late summer. The solitary white flowers (1–2 cm, 0.39–0.79 in diameter, usually with 6–8 petals) are reminiscent of small wood anemones and appear in midsummer. The fruits are globular dry capsules but are seldom produced.[5]

Lysimachia europaea occurs throughout boreal regions of Europe and Asia, but is absent from eastern North America[6] where it is largely replaced by Lysimachia borealis in corresponding habitats.[7]

This is a woodland indicator species, and in Scotland it is found on acid, organic soils, mainly in pine, birch and oak woodland and moorland which has supported woodland in the past, and also sometimes on heaths. The plant is a good competitor, rarely reproducing by seed but a poor colonist[6] forming extensive clonal populations interconnected by rhizomes during the growing season. The rhizomes and above-ground parts are deciduous, the plant forming overwintering tubers. The range of the plant is changing little in Scotland, but it has declined in northern England due to woodland clearance and moor burning, however its precise distribution on the North York Moors is now better known.[8][6]

The flower is the provincial flower of the Värmland province in Sweden and the "county flower" of Nairn.[8]

Trientalis europaea is now widely referenced in botanical literature under the name Lysimachia europaea.[9]: 551 [1]
References

"Lysimachia europaea (L.) U.Manns & Anderb". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Trientalis europaea". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
Taylor, L.K.; Havill, D.C.; Pearson, J.; Woodall, J. (2002) Trientalis europaea. Journal of Ecology 90, 404–418
McClintock, David; Fitter, R.S.R. (1961). The Pocket Guide to Wild Flowers. Collins. p. 127.
"Trientalis europaea". Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora. Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland and Biological Records Centre. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
"Lysimachia borealis (Raf.) U.Manns & Anderb". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanical Gardens Kew. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
"Chickweed wintergreen: Trientalis europaea". Plantlife. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
Stace, C. A. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles (Fourth ed.). Middlewood Green, Suffolk, U.K.: C & M Floristics. ISBN 978-1-5272-2630-2.