Agrimonia eupatoria

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids I
Ordo: Rosales

Familia: Rosaceae
Subfamilia: Rosoideae
Tribus: Agrimonieae
Subtribus: Agrimoniinae
Genus: Agrimonia
Species: Agrimonia eupatoria
Subsppecies: A. e. subsp. asiatica – A. e. subsp. eupatoria – A. e. subsp. grandis
Name

Agrimonia eupatoria L., Sp. Pl.: 448 (1753).
References
Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus I: 448. Reference page.

Links

Hassler, M. 2020. Agrimonia eupatoria. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2020. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2020 May 29. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2020. Agrimonia eupatoria in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2020 May 29. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2020. Agrimonia eupatoria. Published online. Accessed: 29 May 2020.

Vernacular names
العربية: غافث شائع
azərbaycanca: Aptek gücotu
български: Камшик
català: Herba de la sang
čeština: Řepík lékařský
dansk: Almindelig Agermåne
Deutsch: Gemeiner Odermennig
Ελληνικά: Αγριμόνια
English: Agrimony
español: Hierba de San Guillermo
eesti: Harilik maarjalepp
euskara: Usu-belar
فارسی: غافث
suomi: Maarianverijuuri
français: Aigremoine eupatoire
hrvatski: Turica
hornjoserbsce: Mały žiłan
magyar: Közönséges párlófű
italiano: Agrimonio
lietuvių: Vaistinė dirvuolė
latviešu: Ārstniecības ancītis
Nederlands: Gewone Agrimonie
polski: Rzepik pospolity
português: Agrimônia comum
română: Turița mare
русский: Репешок обыкновенный
srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски: Petrovac
slovenčina: Repík lekársky
slovenščina: Navadni repik
српски / srpski: Петровац
svenska: Småborre
Türkçe: Adi kızılyaprak
українська: Парило звичайне

Agrimonia eupatoria is a species of agrimony that is often referred to as common agrimony, church steeples or sticklewort.

The whole plant is dark green with numerous soft hairs. The soft hairs aid in the plant's seed pods sticking to any animal or person coming in contact with the plant. The flower spikes have a spicy odor like apricots. In the language of flowers, agrimony means thankfulness or gratitude.[1]

A. eupatoria is a foodplant for the caterpillars of the snout moth Endotricha flammealis.

Description
Agrimonia eupatoria flower from June to September
the hooked, burr-like seed heads, helping dispersal as they attach to passing animals
Vegetative characteristics

The common agrimony grows as a deciduous, perennial herbaceous plant and reached heights of up to 100 cm (39 in). Its roots are deep rhizomes, from which spring the stems. It is characterized by its typical serrated edged pinnate leaves.[2]
Generative characteristics

The short-stemmed flowers appear from June to September, in long, spike-like, racemose inflorescences. The single flower has an urn-shaped curved flower cup, the upper edge has several rows of soft, curved hook-shaped bristles, 1–4 mm (0.039–0.157 in) long. The hermaphrodite flower has fivefold radial symmetry. There are five sepals present . There are five yellow, rounded petals.[2] The petals and the five to 20 stamens rise above the tip of the flower cup . The two medium-sized carpels in the flower cups are sunk into, but not fused with it. The fruits are achenes approximately 0.6 cm (0.2 inch) in diameter and each have a number of hooks that enable it to cling to animal fur and clothing.[3] Each achene may have one or two seeds.[4]

Agrimonia eupatoria is native to Europe and Southwestern Asia, where it grows in damp meadows, pasture, along stream banks, and among shrubs - it is also cultivated in other parts of the world for medical purposes.[4]
In folklore

Agrimony has been stated to have medical and magical properties since the time of Pliny the Elder. It is ruled astrologically by Cancer, according to Nicholas Culpeper. Common folklore held that it could cure musket wounds and ward off witchcraft.

Traditional British folklore states that if a sprig of the plant was placed under a person's head, they would sleep until it was removed.[5]
Fruits
Ecology

The flowers with their abundant pollen supply attract hoverflies, flies and honey bees. They also are an important food source for butterflies like the grizzled skipper.[6] The pollinated flowers develop fruits with burs. These attach to passing grazing animals such as cattle, sheep and deer and are spread over a large area.[2] Agrimony is found usually in young grasslands, less than 50 years old.[7] It is a wild host for a few insect pest species (Stigmella fragariella and Coroebus elatus) that feed on loganberries, raspberries, and strawberries in Europe.[8]
Chemistry

Contains volatile oils, flavonoids, apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, kaempferol, tiliroside, triterpene glycosides including euscapic acid and tormentic acid, phenolic acids, and 3%–21% tannins.[9]
Notes

"Agrimony Wildflowers". Archived from the original on 2013-12-26.
Grieve, Mrs M. "Agrimony". A Modern Herbal. Botanical.com. Retrieved 2011-06-23.
"Agrimony | plant".
Vít Bojnanský; Agáta Fargašová (17 September 2007). Atlas of Seeds and Fruits of Central and East-European Flora: The Carpathian Mountains Region. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 273–. ISBN 978-1-4020-5362-7.
Encyclopedia of Folk Medicine: Old World and New World Traditions By Gabrielle Hatfield, p.310
Streitberger, Merle; Fartmann, Thomas (2013-01-01). "Molehills as important larval habitats for the grizzled skipper, Pyrgus malvae (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), in calcareous grasslands" (PDF). European Journal of Entomology. 110 (4): 643–648. doi:10.14411/eje.2013.087. ISSN 1210-5759.
M. Ingrouille, Historical Ecology of the British Flora, p219
David V Alford (27 February 2007). Pests of Fruit Crops: A Colour Handbook. CRC Press. pp. 198–. ISBN 978-1-84076-501-4.

Frances Watkins; Barbara Pendry; Alberto Sanchez-Medina; Olivia Corcoran (2012). "Antimicrobial assays of three native British plants used in Anglo-Saxon medicine for wound healing formulations in 10th century England Original Research Article Pages 408-415" (PDF). Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 144 (2): 225–456. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2012.09.031. PMID 23026307.

References

Howard, Michael. Traditional Folk remedies (Century, 1987, pp 96–97)