Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Subordo: Cynodontia
Infraordo: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Cladus: Euungulata
Ordo: Artiodactyla
Cladus: Artiofabula
Cladus: Cetruminantia
Subordo: Ruminantia
Familia: Cervidae
Subfamilia: Cervinae
Genus: Hyelaphus
Species:Hyelaphus kuhlii
Name
Hyelaphus kuhlii (S. Müller, 1840)
Synonyms:
Axis kuhlii (Temminck, 1836)
References
Hyelaphus kuhlii in Mammal Species of the World.
Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (Editors) 2005. Mammal Species of the World – A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
IUCN: Axis kuhlii (Temminck, 1836) (Endangered)
Vernacular names
English: Bawean Deer
español: Ciervo de Kuhl
suomi: Baweanhirvi
magyar: Kuhl-szarvas
Bahasa Indonesia: Rusa Baewan
polski: Jeleń baweański
svenska: Kuhls hjort, baweanhjort
The Bawean deer (Axis kuhlii), also known as Kuhl's hog deer or Bawean hog deer, is a highly threatened species of deer endemic to the island of Bawean in Indonesia. Due to ongoing habitat loss, small population size and limited range, the Bawean deer is evaluated as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is listed on Appendix I of CITES. It has few natural enemies except for birds of prey and large snakes such as pythons.
Contents
1 Description
2 Taxonomy
3 Life history
4 Conservation efforts
5 References
6 External links
Description
A typical height for males of 60–70 cm has been reported. Males have three-tined antlers. Their fawns are spotted at birth, which separates them from the best known western population of the related Indian hog deer (Axis porcinus). Their pelage is short, smooth, and soft, and generally a light brown in color. There are few distinctive yellow markings which are limited to the head and neck. There is also a light throat patch or 'bib' and a whitish eye-ring. Infants have white spots on their backs when younger.
Taxonomy
The Bawean deer was sometimes included in the same species as the Indian hog deer (Axis porcinus), but is now mostly considered a different species. The most recent analyses indicate that these two species, together with Axis calamianensis, may constitute a different genus distinct from Axis and Hyelaphus.[1] It is considered by some taxonomists to be in the genus Hyelaphus; however, in 2021, the American Society of Mammalogists placed it in the genus Axis,[3] which the IUCN has also done.[1]
Life history
They live in woodlands and upland forests with dense undergrowth which is used for shelter, providing a refuge in which the deer sleep and rest during the day. They live in small groups of four or five deer, usually one female, her infant, and two males. They are herbivores and consume grasses, herbs, leaves, twigs, corn crops, and leaves of the cassave plant. Females will have one offspring at a time per year. The gestation period is 225–230 days, and the majority of births occur in February to June.
Males can be very aggressive towards other males that approach their small families, and will spray other males and predators in the face with their glandular secretions. They also mark their territories with this as well.[4] When fleeing, the Bawean deer carries its head low and runs with a trotting gait. Their spine also curves high towards the rear when fleeing from predators. When fleeing from predators the males will run in front and the infant, if there is one, will be behind the males. The female will run in the back. This is effective in order to protect the infant from predators.[5]
Conservation efforts
The World Wildlife Fund has noted that some of the factors for the decline of this species and others in Indonesia include climate changes: warming ocean temperatures, rising sea levels, prolonged droughts, and increased flooding.[6] The Indonesian government passed a bill in 1977 protecting the endangered Bawean deer, and consequently their numbers have risen. With the help of this law their reproductive success has gone up over the years.[7] The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed the Kuhl's hog deer as being critically endangered, meaning that the species is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.[8]
References
Semiadi, G.; Duckworth, J.W.; Timmins, R. (2015). "Axis kuhlii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T2447A73071875. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T2447A73071875.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
"Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
"Explore the Database".
Regional Office of Endangered Species, Eastside Fed. Complex, 911 NE 11th Ave. Portland Oregon 97232, "U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Region 1". Archived from the original on 1999-11-27. Retrieved 2014-01-15.
Edinburgh Zoo and Highland Wildlife Park, The Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom, EH12 6TES
"Wildlife Conservation, Endangered Species Conservation". Archived from the original on 2011-12-08. Retrieved 2011-12-08.
"Kuhl's hog deer". Archived from the original on 2012-03-30. Retrieved 2011-12-08.
"Axis kuhlii (Bawean Deer, Bawean Hog Deer, Kuhl's Hog Deer)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
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