Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Familiae (2): †Probainognathidae †Lumkuiidae †Chiniquodontidae †Ecteniniidae
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Name
Probainognathia Hopson, 1990
References
Hopson, J.A. 1990. Cladistic analysis of therapsid relationships. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 10(3, Suppl.): 28A. Reference page.
Benton, 2014: Vertebrate Palaeontology Wiley, 4th ed.
Stefanello, M., Müller, R.T., Kerber, L., Martínez, R.N. & Dias-da-Silva, S. 2018. Skull anatomy and phylogenetic assessment of a large specimen of Ecteniniidae (Eucynodontia: Probainognathia) from the Upper Triassic of southern Brazil. Zootaxa 4457(3): 351–378. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4457.3.1 Paywall Reference page.
Probainognathia is one of the two major subgroups of the clade Eucynodontia, the other being Cynognathia. The earliest forms were carnivorous and insectivorous, though some groups eventually also evolved herbivorous diets. The earliest and most basal probainognathian is the Middle Triassic (Anisian) aged Lumkuia, from South Africa, though probainognathians would not become prominent until the mid Norian stage of the Late Triassic.[2] Three groups survived the extinction at the end of Triassic: Tritheledontidae and Tritylodontidae, which both survived until the Jurassic—the latter even into the Cretaceous (Montirictus and Xenocretosuchus)—and Mammaliaformes, which includes the mammals.[3]
Phylogeny
Below is a cladogram from Ruta, Botha-Brink, Mitchell and Benton (2013) showing one hypothesis of cynodont relationships:[4]
| Eucynodontia |
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Cladogram from Stefanello et al. (2023):[5]
| Probainognathia |
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See also
Evolution of mammals
List of prehistoric mammals
References
Martinelli, A.; Soares, M. B.; Oliveira, T.; Rodrigues, P.; Schultz, C. (2017). "The Triassic eucynodont Candelariodon barberenai revisited and the early diversity of stem prozostrodontians". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 62. doi:10.4202/app.00344.2017.
Abdala, Fernando; Gaetano, Leandro C. (2018), Tanner, Lawrence H. (ed.), "The Late Triassic Record of Cynodonts: Time of Innovations in the Mammalian Lineage", The Late Triassic World, Cham: Springer International Publishing, vol. 46, pp. 407–445, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68009-5_11, ISBN 978-3-319-68008-8, retrieved 2021-05-24
The slow and fast steps to becoming a mammal
Ruta, M.; Botha-Brink, J.; Mitchell, S. A.; Benton, M. J. (2013). "The radiation of cynodonts and the ground plan of mammalian morphological diversity". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 280 (1769): 20131865. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.1865. PMC 3768321. PMID 23986112.
Stefanello, M.; Martinelli, A. G.; Müller, R. T.; Dias-da-Silva, S.; Kerber, L. (2023). "A complete skull of a stem mammal from the Late Triassic of Brazil illuminates the early evolution of prozostrodontian cynodonts". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. doi:10.1007/s10914-022-09648-y.
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