Threskiornis melanocephalus

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis: Sarcopterygii
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Cladus: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Euornithes
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Ornithurae
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Aequornithes
Ordo: Pelecaniformes

Familia: Threskiornithidae
Genus: Threskiornis
Species: Threskiornis melanocephalus
Name

Threskiornis melanocephalus (Latham, 1790)
Synonymy

Tantalus melanocephalus (protonym)

References

Latham, J. 1790. Index ornithologicus, sive systema ornithologiæ; complectens avium divisionem in classes, ordines, genera, species, ipsarumque varietates: adjectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, &c. Volumen II: 467–920. Londini. (Leigh & Sotheby). BHL Reference page. : 709
IUCN: Threskiornis melanocephalus (Near Threatened)

Vernacular names
مصرى: ابو منجل اسود الراس
العربية: أبو منجل أسود الرأس
বাংলা: কালোমাথা কাস্তেচরা
brezhoneg: Ibiz penn du
català: Ibis capnegre
čeština: Ibis černohlavý
Cymraeg: Ibis penddu
dansk: Indisk Ibis
Deutsch: Schwarzkopfibis
Ελληνικά: Μαυροκέφαλη ίβιδα
English: Black-headed Ibis
Esperanto: Nigrakapa ibiso
español: Ibis oriental
eesti: Idaiibis
فارسی: اکراس سرسیاه
suomi: Aasianpyhäiibis
français: Ibis à tête noire
עברית: מגלן שחור-ראש
magyar: Feketefejű íbisz
Bahasa Indonesia: Ibis cucuk-besi
italiano: Ibis testanera
日本語: クロトキ
ಕನ್ನಡ: ಕಂಚಗಾರ ಕೊಕ್ಕರೆ
한국어: 검은머리흰따오기
lietuvių: Azijinis juodagalvis ibis
മലയാളം: കഷണ്ടിക്കൊക്ക്
кырык мары: Шим вуян ибис
मराठी: काळ्या डोक्याचा शराटी
Bahasa Melayu: Burung Sekendi Kepala Hitam
नेपाली: सेतो साँवरी
Nederlands: Indische Witte Ibis
norsk: Orientibis
ଓଡ଼ିଆ: ଧଳା ବାଜୁଣି
polski: Ibis siwopióry
پنجابی: کالے سر آلا آئیبس
português: Íbis-de-cabeça-negra
русский: Черноголовый ибис
саха тыла: Индия иибиһэ
svenska: Orientibis
தமிழ்: வெள்ளை அரிவாள் மூக்கன்
ไทย: นกช้อนหอยขาว
Türkçe: Kara başlı aynak
українська: Ібіс сивоперий
Tiếng Việt: Cò quăm đầu đen
中文: 黑頭白鹮

The black-headed ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus), also known as the Oriental white ibis, Indian white ibis, and black-necked ibis, is a species of wading bird of the ibis family Threskiornithidae which breeds in the South and Southeast Asia from India to the west and as far east as Japan.[1] It is the only native ibis species in its range that has an overall white plumage with a black neck and head. The down-curved beak and legs are also black. Though often referred to as a wetland species, the black-headed ibis forages in a range of natural and man-made habitats. This species of ibis nests only during the rainy season.
Contents

1 Description
2 Distribution and habitat
3 Gallery
4 References
5 Further reading

Description

The black-headed ibis is one of several large waterbird species in south and south-east Asia, with adults measuring 65–76 cm in length.[2] The white plumage is starkly contrasted against a conspicuous naked black neck and head, and black down-curved beak. Tails of adults bear light grey ornamental feathers that turn jet black during the breeding season. During the breeding season, bare patches under the wing turn blood-red. The head of some breeding adults gain a blueish tinge, or very rarely have a pink or bright red patch behind the neck.[3][4] Some breeding adults also develop tufts of white feathers behind the neck, and rarely also get a yellowish colouration on the breast and back. Sexes are identical but juveniles are identifiable from adults in having greyish feathering on the neck and speckled brown-grey feathering on the wings and back. Like storks and spoonbills, it lacks a true voice-producing mechanism and is silent except for ventriloquistic grunts uttered by pairs at the nest.[2]
Distribution and habitat

Black-headed ibis are native to the following countries: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Russian Federation, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam. They are migratory or vagrant in Japan, Republic of Korea, Lao People's Democratic Republic and Mongolia.[1] The species is a widespread breeding bird in India, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Myanmar, and has declined considerably to few locations or breeding colonies in Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam. The most rapid decline in recent times is suspected to be the population in Sumatra.[5]

The black-headed ibis is very versatile being able to use a large variety of natural and man-made habitats. These include freshwater and salt-water marshes, lakes and ponds, as also rice fields, freshly ploughed crop fields, irrigation canals, riversides, reservoirs, urban lakes, open sewage gutters, grazing lots, and garbage dumping sites.[3][6][7][8] Ibis alter use of varied preferred foraging habitats by season in agricultural landscapes such as in south-western Uttar Pradesh in India. In summer, they largely use and prefer natural marshes and fallow fields, but in the monsoon, spread out more evenly to also use a variety of agricultural fields.[8] In landscapes that have more forests and rocky hills as in southern Rajasthan, wetlands are the preferred habitats year-round.[6] Open sewage lines are used more during the dry summers, and ibis increase the use of grazing lands during the monsoon.

It nests in heronry colonies near wetlands. It builds a platform nest of sticks, lined with grass and threads.[7]

References
Threskiornis melanocephalus (category)

BirdLife International (2016). "Threskiornis melanocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22697516A93618317. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697516A93618317.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (1992). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 472–506.
Hancock, J.A.; Kushlan, J.A.; Kahl, M.P. (1992). Storks, Ibises and Spoonbills of the World. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Kannan, V.; Manakadan, R.; Sykes, B. R. (2010). "Red patch on the hindneck of Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus in breeding colonies in India". BirdingASIA. 14: 99–100.
Moses, S.; Zöckler, C. (2015) Bird survey Report Ayeyarwaddy Delta November – December 2015. Unpubl. Report for Fauna and Flora International. Fauna and Flora International.
Koli, V.K.; Yaseen, M.; Bhatnagar, C. (2013). "Population status of Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala and Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus in southern Rajasthan, India". Indian Birds. 8: 39–41.
Chaudhury, S.; Koli, V.K. (2018). "Population status, habitat preference, and nesting characteristics of Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus Latham, 1790 in southern Rajasthan, India". Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity. 11 (2): 223–228. doi:10.1016/j.japb.2018.01.013.

Sundar, K.S. Gopi (2006). "Flock size, density and habitat selection of four large waterbird species in an agricultural landscape in Uttar Pradesh, India: implications for management". Waterbirds. 29 (3): 365–374. doi:10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[365:FSDAHS]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 4132592.