Homestake experiment

The Homestake experiment (sometimes referred to as the Davis experiment) was an experiment headed by astrophysicists Raymond Davis, Jr. and John N. Bahcall in the late 1960s. Its purpose was to collect and count neutrinos emitted by nuclear fusion taking place in the Sun. Bahcall did the theoretical calculations and Davis designed the experiment. After Bahcall calculated the rate at which the detector should capture neutrinos, Davis's experiment turned up only one third of this figure. The experiment was the first to successfully detect and count solar neutrinos, and the discrepancy in results essentially created the solar neutrino problem. The experiment operated continuously from 1970 until 1994. The University of Pennsylvania took it over in 1984. The discrepancy between the predicted and measured rates of neutrino detection was later found to be due to neutrino "flavor" oscillations.

Methodology

The experiment took place in the Homestake Gold Mine in Lead, South Dakota. Davis placed 4,850 feet underground a 100,000 gallon tank of perchloroethylene, a common dry-cleaning fluid. A big target deep underground was needed to account for the very small probability of a successful neutrino capture, and to prevent interference from other forms of solar radiation. Perchloroethylene was chosen because it is rich in chlorine. Upon collision with a neutrino, a chlorine atom transforms into a radioactive isotope of argon, which can then be extracted and counted. Every few weeks, Davis bubbled helium through the tank to collect the argon that had formed, and was able to determine how many neutrinos had been captured.[1][2]
Conclusions

Davis's figures were consistently very close to one-third of Bahcall's calculations. The first response from the scientific community was that either Bahcall or Davis had made a mistake. Bahcall's calculations were checked repeatedly, with no errors found. Davis scrutinized his own experiment and insisted there was nothing wrong with it. The Homestake experiment was followed by other experiments with the same purpose, such as Kamiokande in Japan, SAGE in the former Soviet Union, GALLEX in Italy, Super Kamiokande, also in Japan, and SNO (Sudbury Neutrino Observatory) in Ontario, Canada. SNO was the first detector able to detect neutrino oscillation, solving the solar neutrino problem. The results of the experiment, published in 2001, revealed that of the three "flavors" between which neutrinos are able to oscillate, Davis' detector was sensitive to only one. After it had been proven that his experiment was sound, Davis shared the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics. Among those sharing the prize was Masatoshi Koshiba of Japan, who worked on the Kamiokande and the Super Kamiokande.

See also

Raymond Davis Jr.
Solar neutrino problem
Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment (a contemporary experiment by Reines and Cowan which discovered the antineutrino)

References

^ Martin, B.R.; & Shaw, G (1999). Particle Physics (2nd ed.). Wiley. p. 265. ISBN 0-471-97285-1.
^ B. T. Cleveland et al (1998). "Measurement of the Solar Electron Neutrino Flux with the Homestake Chlorine Detector". Astrophysical Journal 496: 505–526. Bibcode 1998ApJ...496..505C. doi:10.1086/305343.

Raymond Davis Jr.'s Solar Neutrino Experiments (at BNL.gov)