List of laser types

Gas lasers
Main article: Gas laser

Laser gain medium and type	Operation wavelength(s)	Pump source	Applications and notes
Helium-neon laser	632.8 nm (543.5 nm, 593.9 nm, 611.8 nm, 1.1523 μm, 1.52 μm, 3.3913 μm)	Electrical discharge	Interferometry, holography, spectroscopy, barcode scanning, alignment, optical demonstrations.
Argon laser	454.6 nm, 488.0 nm, 514.5 nm (351 nm, 363.8, 457.9 nm, 465.8 nm, 476.5 nm, 472.7 nm, 528.7 nm, also frequency doubled to provide 244 nm, 257 nm)	Electrical discharge	Retinal phototherapy (for diabetes), lithography, confocal microscopy, spectroscopy pumping other lasers.
Krypton laser	416 nm, 530.9 nm, 568.2 nm, 647.1 nm, 676.4 nm, 752.5 nm, 799.3 nm	Electrical discharge	Scientific research, mixed with argon to create "white-light" lasers, light shows.
Xenon ion laser	Many lines throughout visible spectrum extending into the UV and IR.	Electrical discharge	Scientific research.
Nitrogen laser	337.1 nm	Electrical discharge	Pumping of dye lasers, measuring air pollution, scientific research. Nitrogen lasers can operate superradiantly (without a resonator cavity). Amateur laser construction. See TEA laser
Carbon dioxide laser	10.6 μm, (9.4 μm)	Transverse (high power) or longitudinal (low power) electrical discharge	Material processing (cutting, welding, etc.), surgery.
Carbon monoxide laser	2.6 to 4 μm, 4.8 to 8.3 μm	Electrical discharge	Material processing (engraving, welding, etc.), photoacoustic spectroscopy.
Excimer laser	193 nm (ArF), 248 nm (KrF), 308 nm (XeCl), 353 nm (XeF)	Excimer recombination via electrical discharge	Ultraviolet lithography for semiconductor manufacturing, laser surgery, LASIK.

Chemical lasers
Main article: Chemical laser

Used as directed-energy weapons.

Laser gain medium and type	Operation wavelength(s)	Pump source	Applications and notes
Hydrogen fluoride laser	2.7 to 2.9 μm for Hydrogen fluoride (<80% Atmospheric transmittance)	Chemical reaction in a burning jet of ethylene and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)	Used in research for laser weaponry by the U.S. DOD, operated in continuous wave mode, can have power in the megawatt range.
Deuterium fluoride laser	~3800 nm (3.6 to 4.2 μm) (~90% Atm. transmittance)	chemical reaction	MIRACL, Pulsed Energy Projectile & Tactical High Energy Laser
COIL (Chemical oxygen-iodine laser)	1.315 μm (<70% Atmospheric transmittance)	Chemical reaction in a jet of singlet delta oxygen and iodine	Laser weaponry, scientific and materials research, laser used in the U.S. military's Airborne laser, operated in continuous wave mode, can have power in the megawatt range.
Agil (All gas-phase iodine laser)	1.315 μm (<70% Atmospheric transmittance)	Chemical reaction of chlorine atoms with gaseous hydrazoic acid, resulting in excited molecules of nitrogen chloride, which then pass their energy to the iodine atoms.	Scientific, weaponry, aerospace.

Dye lasers
Main article: Dye laser

Laser gain medium and type	Operation wavelength(s)	Pump source	Applications and notes
Dye lasers	390-435 nm (stilbene), 460-515 nm (coumarin 102), 570-640 nm (rhodamine 6G), many others	Other laser, flashlamp	Research, laser medicine,[2] spectroscopy, birthmark removal, isotope separation. The tuning range of the laser depends on which dye is used.

Metal-vapor lasers

Laser gain medium and type	Operation wavelength(s)	Pump source	Applications and notes
Helium-cadmium (HeCd) metal-vapor laser	441.563 nm, 325 nm	Electrical discharge in metal vapor mixed with helium buffer gas.	Printing and typesetting applications, fluorescence excitation examination (ie. in U.S. paper currency printing), scientific research.
Helium-mercury (HeHg) metal-vapor laser	567 nm, 615 nm		Rare, scientific research, amateur laser construction.
Helium-selenium (HeSe) metal-vapor laser	up to 24 wavelengths between red and UV		Rare, scientific research, amateur laser construction.
Helium-silver (HeAg) metal-vapor laser[3]	224.3 nm		Scientific research
Strontium Vapor Laser	430.5 nm		Scientific research
Neon-copper (NeCu) metal-vapor laser[3]	248.6 nm	Electrical discharge in metal vapor mixed with neon buffer gas.	Scientific research
Copper vapor laser	510.6 nm, 578.2 nm	Electrical discharge	Dermatological uses, high speed photography, pump for dye lasers.
Gold vapor laser	627 nm		Rare, dermatological and photodynamic therapy uses.[4]

Solid-state lasers
Main article: Solid-state laser

Laser gain medium and type	Operation wavelength(s)	Pump source	Applications and notes
Ruby laser	694.3 nm	Flashlamp	Holography, tattoo removal. The first type of visible light laser invented; May 1960.
Nd:YAG laser	1.064 μm, (1.32 μm)	Flashlamp, laser diode	Material processing, rangefinding, laser target designation, surgery, research, pumping other lasers (combined with frequency doubling to produce a green 532 nm beam). One of the most common high power lasers. Usually pulsed (down to fractions of a nanosecond)
Er:YAG laser	2.94 μm	Flashlamp, laser diode	Periodontal scaling, Dentistry
Neodymium YLF (Nd:YLF) solid-state laser	1.047 and 1.053 μm	Flashlamp, laser diode	Mostly used for pulsed pumping of certain types of pulsed Ti:sapphire lasers, combined with frequency doubling.
Neodymium doped Yttrium orthovanadate (Nd:YVO4) laser	1.064 μm	laser diode	Mostly used for continuous pumping of mode-locked Ti:sapphire or dye lasers, in combination with frequency doubling. Also used pulsed for marking and micromachining. A frequency doubled nd:YVO4 laser is also the normal way of making a green laser pointer.
Neodymium doped yttrium calcium oxoborate Nd:YCa4O(BO3)3 or simply Nd:YCOB	~1.060 μm (~530 nm at second harmonic)	laser diode	Nd:YCOB is a so called "self-frequency doubling" or SFD laser material which is both capable of lasing and which has nonlinear characteristics suitable for second harmonic generation. Such materials have the potential to simplify the design of high brightness green lasers.
Neodymium glass (Nd:Glass) laser	~1.062 μm (Silicate glasses), ~1.054 μm (Phosphate glasses)	Flashlamp, laser diode	Used in extremely high power (terawatt scale), high energy (megajoules) multiple beam systems for inertial confinement fusion. Nd:Glass lasers are usually frequency tripled to the third harmonic at 351 nm in laser fusion devices.
Titanium sapphire (Ti:sapphire) laser	650-1100 nm	Other laser	Spectroscopy, LIDAR, research. This material is often used in highly-tunable mode-locked infrared lasers to produce ultrashort pulses and in amplifier lasers to produce ultrashort and ultra-intense pulses.
Thulium YAG (Tm:YAG) laser	2.0 μm	Laser diode	LIDAR.
Ytterbium YAG (Yb:YAG) laser	1.03 μm	Laser diode, flashlamp	Optical refrigeration, materials processing, ultrashort pulse research, multiphoton microscopy, LIDAR.
Ytterbium:2O3 (glass or ceramics) laser	1.03 μm	Laser diode	ultrashort pulse research, [5]
Ytterbium doped glass laser (rod, plate/chip, and fiber)	1. μm	Laser diode.	Fiber version is capable of producing several-kilowatt continuous power, having ~70-80% optical-to-optical and ~25% electrical-to-optical efficiency. Material processing: cutting, welding, marking; nonlinear fiber optics: broadband fiber-nonlinearity based sources, pump for fiber Raman lasers; distributed Raman amplification pump for telecommunications.
Holmium YAG (Ho:YAG) laser	2.1 μm	Laser diode	Tissue ablation, kidney stone removal, dentistry.
Cerium doped lithium strontium (or calcium) aluminum fluoride (Ce:LiSAF, Ce:LiCAF)	~280 to 316 nm	Frequency quadrupled Nd:YAG laser pumped, excimer laser pumped, copper vapor laser pumped.	Remote atmospheric sensing, LIDAR, optics research.
Promethium 147 doped phosphate glass (147Pm+3:Glass) solid-state laser	933 nm, 1098 nm	??	Laser material is radioactive. Once demonstrated in use at LLNL in 1987, room temperature 4 level lasing in 147Pm doped into a lead-indium-phosphate glass étalon.
Chromium doped chrysoberyl (alexandrite) laser	Typically tuned in the range of 700 to 820 nm	Flashlamp, laser diode, mercury arc (for CW mode operation)	Dermatological uses, LIDAR, laser machining.
Erbium doped and erbium-ytterbium codoped glass lasers	1.53-1.56 μm	Laser diode	These are made in rod, plate/chip, and optical fiber form. Erbium doped fibers are commonly used as optical amplifiers for telecommunications.
Trivalent uranium doped calcium fluoride (U:CaF2) solid-state laser	2.5 μm	Flashlamp	First 4-level solid state laser (November 1960) developed by Peter Sorokin and Mirek Stevenson at IBM research labs, second laser invented overall (after Maiman's ruby laser), liquid helium cooled, unused today. [1]
Divalent samarium doped calcium fluoride (Sm:CaF2) laser	708.5 nm	Flashlamp	Also invented by Peter Sorokin and Mirek Stevenson at IBM research labs, early 1961. Liquid helium cooled, unused today. [2]
F-Center laser.	2.3-3.3 μm	Ion laser	Spectroscopy

Semiconductor lasers
Main article: Laser diode

Laser gain medium and type	Operation wavelength(s)	Pump source	Applications and notes
Semiconductor laser diode (general information)	0.4-20 μm, depending on active region material.	Electrical current	Telecommunications, holography, printing, weapons, machining, welding, pump sources for other lasers.
GaN	0.4 μm		Optical discs.
AlGaInP, AlGaAs	0.63-0.9 μm		Optical discs, laser pointers, data communications. 780 nm Compact Disc player laser is the most common laser type in the world. Solid-state laser pumping, machining, medical.
InGaAsP	1.0-2.1 μm		Telecommunications, solid-state laser pumping, machining, medical..
lead salt	3-20 μm
Vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL)	850 - 1500 nm, depending on material		Telecommunications
Quantum cascade laser	Mid-infrared to far-infrared.		Research,Future applications may include collision-avoidance radar, industrial-process control and medical diagnostics such as breath analyzers.
Hybrid silicon laser	Mid-infrared		Research

Other types of lasers

Laser gain medium and type	Operation wavelength(s)	Pump source	Applications and notes
Free electron laser	A broad wavelength range (0.1 nm - several mm); a single free electron laser may be tunable over a wavelength range	relativistic electron beam	atmospheric research, material science, medical applications.
Gas dynamic laser	Several lines around 10.5 um; other frequencies may be possible with different gas mixtures	Spin state population inversion in carbon dioxide molecules caused by supersonic adiabatic expansion of mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide	Military applications; can operate in CW mode at several megawatts optical power.
"Nickel-like" Samarium laser	X-rays at 7.3 nm wavelength	Lasing in ultra-hot samarium plasma formed by double pulse terawatt scale irradiation fluences created by Rutherford Appleton Laboratory's Nd:glass Vulcan laser. [3]	First demonstration of efficient "saturated" operation of a sub–10 nm X-ray laser, possible applications in high resolution microscopy and holography, operation is close to the "water window" at 2.2 to 4.4 nm where observation of DNA structure and the action of viruses and drugs on cells can be examined.
Raman laser, uses inelastic stimulated Raman scattering in a nonlinear media, mostly fiber, for amplification	1-2 μm for fiber version	Other laser, mostly Yb-glass fiber lasers	Complete 1-2 μm wavelength coverage; distributed optical signal amplification for telecommunications; optical solitons generation and amplification
Nuclear pumped laser	See gas lasers	Nuclear fission	Research

See also
Image of the (442 nm) light from a helium cadmium metal vapor laser.

* Laser construction

Notes

1. ^ Weber, Marvin J. Handbook of laser wavelengths, CRC Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8493-3508-6
2. ^ A. Costela et al., Medical applications of dye lasers, in Tunable Laser Applications, F. J. Duarte (Ed.), 2nd Ed. (CRC, New York, 2009) Chapter 8.
3. ^ a b "Hollow cathode ion lasers for deep ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy and fluorescence imaging" Storrie-Lombardia et al. Review of scientific instruments Volume 72, Number 12 December 2001
4. ^ L. Goldman, Dye lasers in medicine, in Dye Laser Principles, F. J. Duarte and L. W. Hillman, Eds. (Academic, New York, 1990) Chapter 10.
5. ^ M.Tokurakawa; K.Takaichi, A.Shirakawa, K.Ueda, H.Yagi, T.Yanagitani, and A.A. Kaminskii (2007). "Diode-pumped 188 fs mode-locked Yb3+:Y2O3 ceramic laser". Appl.Phys.Lett. 90: 071101. doi:10.1063/1.2476385.

Further references

* Silfvast, William T. Laser fundamentals, Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-521-83345-0
* Weber, Marvin J. Handbook of laser wavelengths, CRC Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8493-3508-6