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Induced gravity
Induced gravity (or emergent gravity) is an idea in quantum gravity that space-time curvature and its dynamics emerge as a mean field approximation of underlying microscopic degrees of freedom, similar to the fluid mechanics approximation of Bose–Einstein condensates. The concept was originally proposed by Andrei Sakharov in 1967.
Sakharov observed that many condensed matter systems give rise to emergent phenomena which are identical to general relativity. For example, crystal defects can look like curvature and torsion in an Einstein–Cartan spacetime. This allows one to create a theory of gravity with torsion from a World Crystal model of spacetime[1] in which the lattice spacing is of the order of a Planck length. Sakharov's idea was to start with an arbitrary background pseudo-Riemannian manifold (in modern treatments, possibly with torsion) and introduce quantum fields (matter) on it but not introduce any gravitational dynamics explicitly. This gives rise to an effective action which to one-loop order contains the Einstein–Hilbert action with a cosmological constant. In other words, general relativity arises as an emergent property of matter fields and is not put in by hand. On the other hand, such models typically predict huge cosmological constants.
Some argue[who?] that the particular models proposed by Sakharov and others have been proven impossible by the Weinberg–Witten theorem. But, models with emergent gravity are always possible as long as other things, such as spacetime dimensions, emerge together with gravity[citation needed]. Developments in AdS/CFT correspondence after 1997 suggest that the microphysical degrees of freedom in induced gravity might be radically different. The bulk space-time arises as an emergent phenomenon of the quantum degrees of freedom that live in the boundary of the space-time.
See also
Entropic gravity
Causal dynamical triangulation
References
H. Kleinert (1987). "Gravity as Theory of Defects in a Crystal with Only Second-Gradient Elasticity". Annalen der Physik 44: 117. Bibcode:1987AnP...499..117K. doi:10.1002/andp.19874990206.
External links
Carlos Barcelo, Stefano Liberati, Matt Visser, Living Rev.Rel. 8:12, 2005.
D. Berenstein, Emergent Gravity from CFT, online lecture.
C. J. Hogan Quantum Indeterminacy of Emergent Spacetime, preprint
A.D. Sakharov, Vacuum Quantum Fluctuations in Curved Space and the Theory of Gravitation, 1967.
Matt Visser, Sakharov's induced gravity: a modern perspective, 2002.
H. Kleinert, Multivalued Fields in Condensed Matter, Electrodynamics, and Gravitation, 2008.
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