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Frozen mirror image method
Frozen mirror image method (or method of frozen images) is an extension of the method of images for magnet-superconductor systems that has been introduced by Alexander Kordyuk in 1998 to take into account the magnetic flux pinning phenomenon.[1] The method gives a simple representation of the magnetic field distribution generated by a magnet (a system of magnets) outside an infinitely flat surface of a perfectly hard (with infinite pinning force) type-II superconductor in more general field cooled (FC) case, i.e. when the superconductor goes into superconducting state been already exposed to the magnetic field. The difference from the mirror image method, which deals with a perfect type-I superconductor (that completely expels the magnetic field, see the Meissner effect), is that the perfectly hard superconductor screens the variation of the external magnetic field rather than the field itself.
Description
The name originates from the replacement of certain elements in the original layout with imaginary magnets, which replicates the boundary conditions of the problem (see Dirichlet boundary conditions). In a simplest case of the magnetic dipole over the flat superconducting surface (see Fig. 1), the magnetic field, generated by a dipole moved from its initial position (at which the superconductor is cooled to the superconducting state) to a final position and by the screening currents at the superconducting surface, is equivalent to the field of three magnetic dipoles: the real one (1), its mirror image (3), and the mirror image of it in initial (FC) position but with the magnetization vector inversed (2).
Applications
The method is shown to work for the bulk high temperature superconductors (HTSC),[1] which are characterized by strong pinning and used for calculation of the interaction in magnet-HTSC systems such as superconducting magnetic bearings,[2] superconducting flywheels,[3] MAGLEV,[2][4] for spacecraft applications,[5][6] as well as a textbook model for science education.[7]
See also
Method of images
Ideally hard superconductor
Magnetic levitation
Bean's critical state model
High temperature superconductors
References
Kordyuk, A. A. (1998). "Magnetic levitation for hard superconductors" (PDF). Journal of Applied Physics 83: 610–611. Bibcode:1998JAP....83..610K. doi:10.1063/1.366648. edit
Hull, John R. (2000). "Superconducting bearings". Superconductor Science and Technology 13 (2): R1. doi:10.1088/0953-2048/13/2/201. ISSN 1361-6668. edit
Filatov, A. V.; Maslen, E. H. (November 2001). "Passive magnetic bearing for flywheel energy storage systems". IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 37 (6): 3913–3924. doi:10.1109/20.966127. edit
Liu, W.; Wang, J. S.; Jing, H.; Jiang, M.; Zheng, J.; Wang, S. Y. (2008). "Levitation performance of high-Tc superconductor in sinusoidal guideway magnetic field". Physica C: Superconductivity 468 (23): 2345–2350. doi:10.1016/j.physc.2008.08.011. edit
Shoer, J. P.; Peck, M. A. (2009). "Flux-pinned interfaces for the assembly, manipulation, and reconfiguration of modular space systems" (PDF). Journal of the Astronautical Sciences 57 (3): 667.
Norman, M. C.; Peck, M. A. (2010). "Stationkeeping of a flux-pinned satellite network" (PDF). Journal of guidance, control, and dynamics 33 (5): 1683. Bibcode:2010JGCD...33.1683N. doi:10.2514/1.49550.
Saito, Y. (2009). "Observation of magnetic field lines in the vicinity of a superconductor with the naked eye". European Journal of Physics 31 (1): 229. doi:10.1088/0143-0807/31/1/020. edit
Demos
Superconducting levitation with strong pinning
Magnetic levitation (YouTube)
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