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Friedel Oscillations[1] arise from localized perturbations in a metallic or semiconductor system caused by a defect in the Fermi gas or Fermi Liquid.[2] Friedel Oscillations are a quantum mechanical analog to electric charge screening of charged species in a pool of ions. Whereas electrical charge screening utilizes a point entity treatment to describe the make-up of the ion pool, Friedel Oscillations describing fermions in a Fermi fluid or Fermi gas require a quasi-particle or a scattering treatment. Such oscillations depict a characteristic exponential decay in the fermionic density near the perturbation followed by an ongoing sinusoidal decay resembling sin(x)/x.

Scattering Description

The electrons that move through a metal or semiconductor behave like free electrons of a Fermi gas with wave function

\( \psi_{\bold{k}}(\bold{r}) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{\Omega}} e^{i \bold{k} \cdot \bold{r}} \)

Electrons in a metal behave differently than particles in a normal gas because electrons are Fermions and they obey Fermi–Dirac statistics. This means that every k-state in the gas can only be occupied by two electrons with opposite spin. The occupied states fill a sphere in the band structure k-space up to a fixed energy level, the so called Fermi level EF. The radius of the sphere in k-space, kF, is called the Fermi wave vector.

If there is a foreign atom embedded in the metal or semiconductor, a so called impurity, the electrons that move freely through the solid are scattered by the deviating potential of the impurity. During the scattering process the initial state wave vector ki of electron wave function is scattered to a final state wave vector kf. Because the electron gas is a Fermi gas only electrons with energies near the Fermi level can participate in the scattering process because there must be empty final states for the scattered states to jump to. Electrons that are too far below the Fermi level EF can't jump to unoccupied states. The states around the Fermi level that can be scattered occupy a limited range of k-values or wavelengths. So only electrons within a limited wavelength range near the Fermi level are scattered resulting in a density modulation around the impurity like

\( \rho(\bold{r}) = \rho_0 + \delta n \frac{\cos(2 k_F|\bold{r}| + \delta)}{|\bold{r}|^3} \)

where kF is the Fermi wave vector.

“Hand-Waving” Qualitative Description

In the classic scenario of electric charge screening, a dampening in the electric field is observed in a mobile charge-carrying fluid upon the presence of a charged object. Since electric charge screening considers the mobile charges in the fluid as point entities, the concentration of these charges with respect to distance away from the point decreases exponentially. This phenomenon is governed by Poisson–Boltzmann equation.[3]
The quantum mechanical description of a perturbation in a one-dimensional fermionic fluid is modelled by the Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid.[4] The fermions in the fluid that take part in the screening cannot be considered as a point entity but a wave-vector is required to describe them. Charge density away from the perturbation is not a continuum but fermions arrange themselves at discrete spaces away from the perturbation. This is the cause of the circular ripples around the impurity.

N.B. Where classically near the charged perturbation an overwhelming number of oppositely charged particles can be observed, in the quantum mechanical scenario of Friedel Oscillations periodic arrangements of oppositely charged fermions followed by spaces with same charged regions.[2]

In the figure to the right, a 2-dimensional Friedel Oscillations has been illustrated with an STM image of a clean surface. As the image is taken on a surface, the regions of low electron density leave the atomic nuclei ‘exposed’ which result in a net positive charge.

References

W. A. Harrison (1979). Solid State Theory. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-63948-7.
Gravity and Levity, Friedel Oscillations: wherein we learn that the electron has a size, [1]. (Accessed: Dec 22, 2009)
Hans-Jürgen Butt, Karlheinz Graf, and Michael Kappl, Physics and Chemistry of Interfaces, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2003.

D. Vieira et al., “Friedel oscillations in one-dimensional metals: From Luttinger’s theorem to the Luttinger liquid”, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol. 320, pp. 418-420, 2008. ,[2], (arXiv Submission)