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In semi-Riemannian geometry, the Bel decomposition, taken with respect to a specific timelike congruence, is a way of breaking up the Riemann tensor of a pseudo-Riemannian manifold into lower order tensors with properties similar to the electric field and magnetic field. Such a decomposition was partially described by Alphonse Matte in 1953[1] and by Lluis Bel in 1958.[2]

This decomposition is particularly important in general relativity. This is the case of four-dimensional Lorentzian manifolds, for which there are only three pieces with simple properties and individual physical interpretations.
Decomposition of the Riemann tensor

In four dimensions the Bel decomposition of the Riemann tensor, with respect to a timelike unit vector field \( \vec{X} \), not necessarily geodesic or hypersurface orthogonal, consists of three pieces

the electrogravitic tensor \( E[\vec{X}]_{ab} = R_{ambn} \, X^m \, X^n\)
the magnetogravitic tensor \( B[\vec{X}]_{ab} = {{}^\star R}_{ambn} \, X^m \, X^n\)
the topogravitic tensor \( L[\vec{X}]_{ab} = {{}^\star R^\star}_{ambn} \, X^m \, X^n\)

Because these are all transverse (i.e. projected to the spatial hyperplane elements orthogonal to our timelike unit vector field), they can be represented as linear operators on three-dimensional vectors, or as three by three real matrices. They are respectively symmetric, traceless, and symmetric (6,8,6 linearly independent components, for a total of 20). If we write these operators as E, B, L respectively, the principal invariants of the Riemann tensor are obtained as follows:

\( K_1/4 \) is the trace of E² + L² - 2 B B^T,
\( -K_2/8 \) is the trace of B ( E - L ),
\( K_3/8 \) is the trace of E L - B².