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Koebe quarter theorem
In complex analysis, a branch of mathematics, the Koebe 1/4 theorem states that the image of an injective analytic function f:\mathbb D\to\mathbb C from the unit disk \mathbb D onto a subset of the complex plane contains the disk whose center is f\,(0) and whose radius is |f\,'(0)|/4. The theorem is named after Paul Koebe, who conjectured the result in 1907. The theorem was proven by Ludwig Bieberbach in 1914. The Koebe function ƒ(z) = z/(1 − z)2 shows that the constant 1/4 in the theorem cannot be improved.
A related result is the Schwarz lemma, and a notion related to both is conformal radius.
Gronwall's area theorem
Suppose that
\( g(z) = z +b_1z^{-1} + b_2 z^{-2} + \cdots \)
is univalent in |z| > 1. Then
\( \sum_{n\ge 1} n|b_n|^2 \le 1. \)
In fact, if r > 1, the complement of the image of the disk |z| > r is a bounded domain X(r). Its area is given by
\( \int_{X(r)} dxdy = {1\over 2i} \int_{\partial X(r)}\, \overline{z}\,dz = -{1\over 2i}\int_{|z|=r} \,\overline{g}\,dg={1\over 2\pi r^2} -{1\over 2\pi}\sum n |b_n|^2 r^{2n}. \)
Since the area is positive, the result follows by letting r decrease to 1. The above proof shows equality holds if and only if the complement of the image of g has zero area, i.e. Lebesgue measure zero.
This result was proved in 1914 by the Swedish mathematician Thomas Hakon Gronwall.
Bieberbach's coefficient inequality for univalent functions
Let
\( g(z) = z + a_2z^2 + a_3 z^3 + \cdots \)
be univalent in |z|<1. Then
\( |a_2|\le 2. \)
This follows by applying Gronwall's area theorem to the odd univalent function
\( g(z^2)^{-1/2}= z^{-1} -{1\over 2} a_2 z + \cdots. \)
Equality holds if and only if g is a rotation of the Koebe function.
This result was proved by Ludwig Bieberbach in 1916 and provided the basis for his celebrated conjecture that |an| ≤ n, proved in 1985 by Louis de Branges.
Proof of quarter theorem
Applying an affine map, it can be assumed that
\( f(0)=0,\,\,\, f^\prime(0)=1, \)
so that
\( f(z) = z + a_2 z^2 + \cdots . \)
If w is not in f(\mathbb D), then
\( h(z)={wh(z)\over w-h(z)} = z +(a_2+w^{-1}) z^2 + \cdots \)
is univalent in |z|<1.
Applying the coefficient inequality to f and h gives
\( |w|^{-1} \le |a_2| + |a_2 + w^{-1}|\le 4, \)
so that
\( |w|\ge {1\over 4}. \)
Koebe distortion theorem
The Koebe distortion theorem gives a series of bounds for a univalent function and its derivative. It is a direct consequence of Bieberbach's inequality for the second coefficient and the Koebe quarter theorem.[1]
Let f(z) be a univalent function on |z| < 1 normalized so that f(0) = 0 and f'(0) = 1 and let r = |z|. Then
\( {r \over (1+r)^2}\le |f(z)|\le {r\over (1-r)^2} \)
\( {1-r\over (1+r)^3} \le |f^\prime(z)| \le {1+r\over (1-r)^3} \)
\( {1-r\over 1+r} \le \left|z{f^\prime(z)\over f(z)}\right| \le {1+r\over 1-r} \)
with equality if and only if f is a Koebe function
\( f(z) ={z\over(1-e^{i\theta}z)^2}. \)
Notes
^ Pommerenke 1975, pp. 21–22
References
Bieberbach, Ludwig (1916), "Über die Koeffizienten derjenigen Polenzreihen, welche eine schlichte Abbildung des Einheitskreises vermitteln", S.-B. Preuss. Akad. Wiss.: 940–955
Carleson, L.; Gamelin, T. D. W. (1993), Complex dynamics, Universitext: Tracts in Mathematics, Springer-Verlag, pp. 1–2, ISBN 0-387-97942-5
Duren, P. L. (1983), Univalent functions, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, 259, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 0-387-90795-5
Gronwall, T.H. (1914), "Some remarks on conformal representation", Ann. of Math. 16: 72–76
Nehari, Zeev (1952), Conformal mapping, Dover, pp. 248–249, ISBN 0-486-61137-X
Pommerenke, C. (1975), Univalent functions, with a chapter on quadratic differentials by Gerd Jensen, Studia Mathematica/Mathematische Lehrbücher, 15, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
Rudin, Walter (1987). Real and Complex Analysis. Series in Higher Mathematics (3 ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0070542341. MR 924157.
Koebe 1/4 theorem at PlanetMath
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