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Egorov's theorem
In measure theory, an area of mathematics, Egorov's theorem establishes a condition for the uniform convergence of a pointwise convergent sequence of measurable functions. It is also named Severini–Egoroff theorem or Severini–Egorov theorem, after Carlo Severini, an Italian mathematician, and Dmitri Egorov, a Russian physicist and geometer, who published independent proofs respectively in 1910 and 1911.
Egorov's theorem can be used along with compactly supported continuous functions to prove Lusin's theorem for integrable functions.
Historical note
The first proof of the theorem was given by Carlo Severini in 1910 and was published in (Severini 1910): he used the result as a tool in his research on series of orthogonal functions. His work remained apparently unnoticed outside Italy, probably due to the fact that it is written in Italian, appeared in a scientific journal with limited diffusion and was considered only as a means to obtain other theorems. A year later Dmitri Egorov published his independently proved results in the note (Egoroff 1911), and the theorem become widely known under his name: however it is not uncommon to find references to this theorem as the Severini–Egoroff theorem or Severini–Egorov Theorem. According to Cafiero (1959, p. 315) and Saks (1937, p. 17), the first mathematicians to prove independently the theorem in the nowadays common abstract measure space setting were Frigyes Riesz in (Riesz 1922), (Riesz 1928), and Wacław Sierpiński in (Sierpiński 1928): an earlier generalization is due to Nikolai Luzin, who succeeded in slightly relaxing the requirement of finiteness of measure of the domain of convergence of the pointwise converging functions in the ample paper (Luzin 1916), as Saks (1937, p. 19) recalls. Further generalizations were given much later by Pavel Korovkin, in the paper (Korovkin 1947), and by Gabriel Mokobodzki in the paper (Mokobodzki 1970)
The formal statement of the theorem and its proof
Statement of the theoremHere, μ(B) denotes the μ-measure of B. In words, the theorem says that pointwise convergence almost everywhere on A implies the apparently much stronger uniform convergence everywhere except on some subset B of arbitrarily small measure. This type of convergence is also called almost uniform convergence.
Let (M,d) denote a separable metric space (such as the real numbers with the usual distance d(a,b) = |a − b| as metric). Given a sequence (fn) of M-valued measurable functions on some measure space (X,Σ,μ), and a measurable subset A of finite μ-measure such that (fn) converges μ-almost everywhere on A to a limit function f, the following result holds: for every ε > 0, there exists a measurable subset B of A such that μ(B) < ε, and (fn) converges to f uniformly on the relative complement A \ B.
Here, μ(B) denotes the μ-measure of B. In words, the theorem says that pointwise convergence almost everywhere on A implies the apparently much stronger uniform convergence everywhere except on some subset B of arbitrarily small measure. This type of convergence is also called almost uniform convergence.
Discussion of assumptions and a counterexample
The hypothesis μ(A) < ∞ is necessary. To see this, it is simple to construct a counterexample when μ is the Lebesgue measure: consider the sequence of real-valued indicator functions
\( f_n(x) = 1_{[n,n+1]}(x),\qquad n\in\mathbb{N},\ x\in\mathbb{R}, \)
defined on the real line. This sequence converges pointwise to the zero function everywhere but does not converge uniformly on ℝ \ B for any set B of finite measure: a counterexample in the general n-dimensional real vector space ℝn can be constructed as shown by Cafiero (1959, p. 302).
The separability of the metric space is needed to make sure that for M-valued, measurable functions f and g, the distance d(f(x), g(x)) is again a measurable real-valued function of x.
Proof
For natural numbers n and k, define the set En,k by the union
\( E_{n,k} = \bigcup_{m\ge n} \left\{ x\in A \,\Big|\, d(f_m(x),f(x)) \ge \frac1k \right\}. \)
These sets get smaller as n increases, meaning that En+1,k is always a subset of En,k, because the first union involves fewer sets. A point x, for which the sequence (fm(x)) converges to f(x), cannot be in every En,k for a fixed k, because fm(x) has to stay closer to f(x) than 1/k eventually. Hence by the assumption of μ-almost everywhere pointwise convergence on A,
\( \mu\biggl(\bigcap_{n\in\mathbb{N}}E_{n,k}\biggr)=0 \)
for every k. Since A is of finite measure, we have continuity from above; hence there exists, for each k, some natural number nk such that
\( \mu(E_{n_k,k}) < \frac\varepsilon{2^k}. \)
For x in this set we consider the speed of approach into the 1/k-neighbourhood of f(x) as too slow. Define
\( B = \bigcup_{k\in\mathbb{N}} E_{n_k,k} \)
as the set of all those points x in A, for which the speed of approach into at least one of these 1/k-neighbourhoods of f(x) is too slow. On the set difference A \ B we therefore have uniform convergence.
Appealing to the sigma additivity of μ and using the geometric series, we get
\( \mu(B) \le\sum_{k\in\mathbb{N}}\mu(E_{n_k,k}) \le\sum_{k\in\mathbb{N}}\frac\varepsilon{2^k} =\varepsilon. \)
Generalizations
Luzin's version
Nikolai Luzin's generalization of the Severini–Egorov theorem is presented here according to Saks (1937, p. 19).
Statement
Under the same hypothesis of the abstract Severini–Egorov theorem suppose that A is the union of a sequence of measurable sets of finite μ-measure, and (fn) is a given sequence of M-valued measurable functions on some measure space (X,Σ,μ), such that (fn) converges μ-almost everywhere on A to a limit function f, then A can be expressed as the union of a sequence of measurable sets H, A1, A2,... such that μ(H) = 0 and (fn) converges to f uniformly on each set Ak.
Proof
It is sufficient to consider the case in which the set A is itself of finite μ-measure: using this hypothesis and the standard Severini–Egorov theorem, it is possible to define by mathematical induction a sequence of sets {Ak}k=1,2,... such that
\( \mu\left(A\setminus\bigcup_{k=1}^{N} A_k\right)\leq\frac{1}{N} \)
and such that (fn) converges to f uniformly on each set Ak for each k. Choosing
\( H=A\setminus\bigcup_{k=1}^{\infty} A_k \)
then obviously μ(H) = 0 and the theorem is proved.
Korovkin's version
The proof of the Korovkin version follows closely the version on Kharazishvili (2000, pp. 183–184), which however generalizes it to some extent by considering admissible functionals instead of non-negative measures and inequalities \( \scriptstyle\leq \) and \( \scriptstyle\geq \) respectively in conditions 1 and 2.
Statement
Let (M,d) denote a separable metric space and (X,Σ) a measurable space: consider a measurable set A and a class \( \scriptstyle\mathfrak{A} \) containing A and its measurable subsets such that their countable in unions and intersections belong to the same class. Suppose there exists a non-negative measure μ such that μ(A) exists and
\( μ(\scriptstyle\capAn)=\scriptstyle\limμ(An) if A1\scriptstyle\supsetA2\scriptstyle\supset... with An\scriptstyle\in\mathfrak{A} \) for all n
\( μ(\scriptstyle\cupAn)=\scriptstyle\limμ(An) if A1\scriptstyle\subsetA2\scriptstyle\subset... with \scriptstyle\cupAn\scriptstyle\in\mathfrak{A}. \)
If (fn) is a sequence of M-valued measurable functions converging μ-almost everywhere on \( A\scriptstyle\in\mathfrak{A} \) to a limit function f, then there exists a subset A′ of A such that 0 < μ(A) − μ(A′)<ε and where the convergence is also uniform.
Proof
Consider the indexed family of sets whose index set is the set of natural numbers \( m\scriptstyle\in\mathbb{N} \), defined as follows:
\( A_{0,m}=\left\{x\in A|d(f_n(x),f(x)) \le 1\ \forall n\geq m\right\} \)
Obiviously
\( A_{0,1}\subseteq A_{0,2}\subseteq A_{0,3}\subseteq\dots \)
and
\( A=\bigcup_{m\in\mathbb{N}}A_{0,m} \)
therefore there is a natural number m0 such that putting A0,m0=A0 the following relation holds true:
\( 0\leq\mu(A)-\mu(A_0)\leq\varepsilon \)
Using A0 it is possible to define the following indexed family
\( A_{1,m}=\left\{x\in A_0\left| d(f_m(x),f(x)) \le \frac12 \ \forall n\geq m\right.\right\} \)
satifying the following two relationships, analogous to the previously found ones, i.e.
\( A_{1,1}\subseteq A_{1,2}\subseteq A_{1,3}\subseteq\dots \)
and
\( A_0=\bigcup_{m\in\mathbb{N}}A_{1,m} \)
This fact enable us to define the set A1,m1=A1, where m1 is a surely existing natural number such that
\( 0\leq\mu(A)-\mu(A_1)\leq\varepsilon \)
By iterating the shown construction, another indexed family of set {An} is defined such that it has the following properties:
\( \scriptstyle A_0\supseteq A_1\supseteq A_2\supseteq\dots \)
\( \scriptstyle0\leq\mu(A)-\mu(A_m)\leq\varepsilon for all m\scriptstyle\in\mathbb{N} \)
for each \( m\scriptstyle\in\mathbb{N} \) there is a natural km such that for all \( n\scriptstyle\geqkm \) then \( \scriptstyle d(f_n(x),f(x)) \le 2^{-m} \) for all \( x\scriptstyle\inAm \)
and finally putting
\( A^\prime=\bigcup_{n\in\mathbb{N}}A_n \)
the thesis is easily proved.
Bibliography
Egoroff, D. Th. (1911), "Sur les suites des fonctions mesurables" (in French), Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences 152: 244–246, JFM 42.0423.01, available at Gallica.
Riesz, F. (1922), "Sur le théorème de M. Egoroff et sur les opérations fonctionnelles linéaires" (in French), Acta Litt. Ac Sient. Univ. Hung. Francisco-Josephinae, Sec. Sci. Math. (Szeged) 1 (1): 18–26, JFM 48.1202.01.
Riesz, F. (1928), "Elementarer Beweis des Egoroffschen Satzes" (in German), Monatshefte für Mathematik und Physik 35 (1): 243–248, doi:10.1007/BF01707444, JFM 54.0271.04.
Severini, C. (1910), "Sulle successioni di funzioni ortogonali (On the sequences of orthogonal functions)" (in Italian), Atti dell'Accademia Gioenia, serie 5a, 3 (5): Memoria XIII, 1−7, JFM 41.0475.04.
Sierpiński, W. (1928), "Remarque sur le théorème de M. Egoroff" (in French), Comptes Rendus des séances de la Société des Sciences et des Lettres de Varsovie 21: 84–87, JFM 57.1391.03.
References
Beals, Richard (2004), Analysis: An Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. x+261, ISBN 0-521-60047-2, MR2098699, Zbl 1067.26001
Cafiero, Federico (1959) (in Italian), Misura e integrazione (Measure and integration), Monografie matematiche del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 5, Roma: Edizioni Cremonese, pp. VII+451, MR0215954, Zbl 0171.01503. A definitive monograph on integration and measure theory: the treatment of the limiting behavior of the integral of various kind of sequences of measure-related structures (measurable functions, measurable sets, measures and their combinations) is somewhat conclusive.
Humphreys, Alexis, "Egorov's Theorem" from MathWorld. Retrieved April 19, 2005.
Kharazishvili, A.B. (2000), Strange functions in real analysis, Pure and Applied Mathematics – A Series of Monographs and Textbooks, 229 (1st ed.), New York: Marcel Dekker, pp. viii+297, ISBN 0-8247-0320-0, MR1748782, Zbl 0942.26001. Contains a section named Egorov type theorems, where the basic Severini–Egorov theorem is given in a form which slightly generalizes that of Korovkin (1947).
Korovkin, P.P. (1947), "Generalization of a theorem of D.F. Egorov" (in Russian), Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 58: 1265–1267, MR0023322, Zbl 0038.03803
Luzin, N. (1916), "Integral and trigonometric series" (in Russian), Matematicheskii Sbornik 30 (1): 1–242, JFM 48.1368.01
Mokobodzki, Gabriel (22 juin 1970), "Noyaux absolument mesurables et opérateurs nucléaires" (in French), Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences. Séries A 270: 1673–1675, MR0270182, Zbl 0211.44803
Saks, Stanisław (1937), Theory of the Integral, Monografie Matematyczne, 7 (2nd ed.), Warszawa-Lwów: G.E. Stechert & Co., pp. VI+347, JFM 63.0183.05, MR0017.30004 (available at the Polish Virtual Library of Science). English translation by Laurence Chisholm Young, with two additional notes by Stefan Banach.
External links
Egorov's theorem at PlanetMath
Kudryavtsev, L.D. (2001), "Egorov theorem", in Hazewinkel, Michiel, Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer, ISBN 978-1556080104
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