Clebsch surface

In mathematics, the Clebsch diagonal cubic surface, or Klein's icosahedral cubic surface is a cubic surface studied by Clebsch (1871) and Klein (1873) all of whose 27 exceptional lines can be defined over the real numbers. The term Klein's icosahedral surface can refer to either this surface or its blowup at the 10 Eckardt points.

Definition

The Clebsch surface is the set of points (x0:x1:x2:x3:x4) of P4 satisfying the equations

\( \displaystyle x_0+x_1+x_2+x_3+x_4 = 0 \)
\( \displaystyle x_0^3+x_1^3+x_2^3+x_3^3+x_4^3 = 0. \)

Eliminating x0 shows that it is also isomorphic to the surface

\( \displaystyle x_1^3+x_2^3+x_3^3+x_4^3 = (x_1+x_2+x_3+x_4)^3 \)

in P3.

The symmetry group of the surface is the symmetric group S5 of order 120, acting by permutations of the coordinates (in P4). Up to isomorphism, the Clebsch surface is the only cubic surface with this automorphism group.
Properties

The 27 exceptional lines are:

The 15 images (under S5) of the line of points of the form (a : −a : b : −b : 0).
The 12 images of the line though the point (1:ζ: ζ2: ζ3: ζ4) and its complex conjugate, where ζ is a primitive 5th root of 1.

The surface has 10 Eckardt points where 3 lines meet, given by the point (1 : −1 : 0 : 0 : 0) and its conjugates under permutations. Hirzebruch (1976) showed that the surface obtained by blowing up the Clebsch surface in its 10 Eckardt points is the Hilbert modular surface of the level 2 principal congruence subgroup of the Hilbert modular group of the field Q(√5). The quotient of the Hilbert modular group by its level 2 congruence subgroup is isomorphic to the alternating group of order 60 on 5 points.

Like all nonsingular cubic surfaces, the Clebsch cubic can be obtained by blowing up the projective plane in 6 points. Klein (1873) described these points as follows. If the projective plane is identified with the set of lines through the origin in a 3-dimensional vector space containing an icosahedron centered at the origin, then the 6 points correspond to the 6 lines through the centers of the 12 vertices. The Eckardt points correspond to the 10 lines through the centers of the 20 faces.
References

Clebsch, A. (1871), "Ueber die Anwendung der quadratischen Substitution auf die Gleichungen 5ten Grades und die geometrische Theorie des ebenen Fünfseits", Mathematische Annalen 4 (2): 284–345, doi:10.1007/BF01442599
Hirzebruch, Friedrich (1976), "The Hilbert modular group for the field Q(√5), and the cubic diagonal surface of Clebsch and Klein", Russian Math. Surveys 31 (5): 96–110, doi:10.1070/RM1976v031n05ABEH004190, ISSN 0042-1316, MR0498397
Hunt, Bruce (1996), The geometry of some special arithmetic quotients, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, 1637, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, doi:10.1007/BFb0094399, ISBN 978-3-540-61795-2, MR1438547
Klein, Felix (1873), "Ueber Flächen dritter Ordnung", Mathematische Annalen (Springer Berlin / Heidelberg) 6 (4): 551, doi:10.1007/BF01443196

External links

Ferréol, Robert; Vidiani, L. G.; Esculier, Alain (2004), Surface de Clebsch
Weisstein, Eric W., "Clebsch diagonal cubic" from MathWorld.

Mathematics Encyclopedia