Circular prime

A circular prime is a prime number with the property that the number generated at each intermediate step when cyclically permuting its (base 10) digits will be prime.[1][2] For example 1193 is a circular prime, since 1931, 9311 and 3119 all are also prime.[3] A circular prime with at least two digits can only consist of combinations of the digits 1, 3, 7 or 9, because having 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8 as the last digit makes the number divisible by 2, and having 0 or 5 as the last digit makes it divisible by 5.[1][4] The complete listing of the smallest representative prime from all known cycles of circular primes (The single-digit primes and repunits are the only members of their respective cycles) is 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 37, 79, 113, 197, 199, 337, 1193, 3779, 11939, 19937, 193939, 199933, R19, R23, R317 and R1031, where Rn is a repunit prime with n digits. There are no other circular primes up to 1023.[3] A type of prime related to the circular primes are the permutable primes, which are a subset of the circular primes (every permutable prime is also a circular prime, but not necessarily vice versa).[3]

19937
99371
93719
37199
71993
19937
The numbers generated by cyclically permuting the digits of 19937. The first digit is removed and readded at the right side of the remaining string of digits. This process is repeated until the starting number is reached again. Since all intermediate numbers generated by this process are prime, 19937 is a circular prime.
Named after Circle
Publication year 2004
Author of publication Darling, D. J.
Number of known terms 23
First terms 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13
Largest known term R1031
OEIS index A016114

References

The Universal Book of Mathematics, Darling, David J., p. 70, retrieved 25 July 2010
Prime Numbers—The Most Mysterious Figures in Math, Wells, D., p. 47 (page 28 of the book), retrieved 27 July 2010
Circular Primes, Patrick De Geest, retrieved 25 July 2010

The mathematics of Oz: mental gymnastics from beyond the edge, Pickover, Clifford A., p. 330, retrieved 9 March 2011

External links

Circular prime at The Prime Glossary
A068652 a related sequence (the circular primes are a subsequence of this one)

Mathematics Encyclopedia