Yakov Sinai

Yakov Grigorevich Sinai (Russian: Я́ков Григо́рьевич Сина́й; born September 21, 1935) is a mathematician known for his work on dynamical systems. He contributed to the modern metric theory of dynamical systems and connected the world of deterministic (dynamical) systems with the world of probabilistic (stochastic) systems.[1] He has also worked on mathematical physics and probability theory.[2] His efforts have provided the groundwork for advances in the physical sciences.[1]

Sinai has won several awards, including the Nemmers Prize, the Wolf Prize in Mathematics and the Abel Prize.

Biography

Yakov Grigorevich Sinai was born into a Russian Jewish academic family on September 21, 1935, in Moscow, Soviet Union (now Russia).[3][4] His parents, Nadezda Kagan and Gregory Sinai, were both microbiologists. His grandfather, Veniamin Kagan, headed the Department of Differential Geometry at Moscow State University and was a major influence on Sinai's life.[3]

Sinai received his bachelor's and master's degrees from Moscow State University.[2] In 1960, he earned his Ph.D., also from Moscow State; his adviser was Andrey Kolmogorov. Together with Kolmogorov, he showed that even for "unpredictable" dynamic systems, the level of unpredictability of motion can be described mathematically. In their idea, which became known as Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy, a system with zero entropy is entirely predictable, while a system with non-zero entropy has an unpredictability factor directly related to the amount of entropy.[1]

In 1963, Sinai introduced the idea of dynamical billiards, also known as "Sinai Billiards". In this idealized system, a particle bounces around inside a square boundary without loss of energy. Inside the square is a circular wall, of which the particle also bounces off. He then proved that for most initial trajectories of the ball, this system is ergodic, that is, after a long time, the amount of that time the ball will have spent in any given region on the surface of the table is approximately proportional to the area of that region. It was the first time anyone proved a dynamic system was ergodic.[1]

Also in 1963, Sinai announced a proof of the ergodic hypothesis for a gas consisting of n hard spheres confined to a box. The complete proof, however, was never published, and the problem remains open to this day.[5]

From 1960 to 1971, Sinai was a researcher in the Laboratory of Probabilistic and Statistical Methods at Moscow State University. In 1971 he accepted a position as senior researcher at the Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics in Russia, while continuing to teach at Moscow State. He had to wait until 1981 to become a professor at Moscow State, likely because he had supported the dissident poet, mathematician and human rights activist Alexander Esenin-Volpin in 1968.[6]

Since 1993, Sinai has been a professor of mathematics at Princeton University, while maintaining his position at the Landau Institute. For the 1997–98 academic year, he was the Thomas Jones Professor at Princeton, and in 2005, the Moore Distinguished Scholar at the California Institute of Technology.[3]

In 2002, Sinai won the Nemmers Prize for his "revolutionizing" work on dynamical systems, statistical mechanics, probability theory, and statistical physics.[2] In 2005, the Moscow Mathematical Journal dedicated an issue to Sinai writing "Yakov Sinai is one of the greatest mathematicians of our time ... his exceptional scientific enthusiasm inspire[d] several generations of scientists all over the world."[3]

In 2013, Sinai received the Leroy P. Steele Prize for Lifetime Achievement.[3] In 2014, the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters awarded him the Abel Prize, for his contributions to dynamical systems, ergodic theory, and mathematical physics.[7] Presenting the award, Jordan Ellenberg said Sinai had solved real world physical problems "with the soul of a mathematician".[1] He praised the tools developed by Sinai which demonstrate how systems that look different may in fact have fundamental similarities. The prize comes with 6 million Norwegian krone,[1] equivalent at the time to $US 1 million or £600,000. He was also inducted into the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.[8]

Other awards won by Sinai include the Boltzmann Medal (1986), the Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics (1990), the Dirac Prize (1992), the Wolf Prize in Mathematics (1997), the Lagrange Prize (2008) and the Henri Poincaré Prize (2009).[2][3] He is a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences, the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.[2] He is an honorary member of the London Mathematical Society and, in 2012, he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.[2][9] Sinai has been selected an honorary member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, the Academia Europaea, the Polish Academy of Sciences, and the Royal Society of London. He holds honorary degrees from the Budapest University of Technology and Economics, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Warwick University, and Warsaw University.[3]

Sinai has authored more than 250 papers and books. Concepts in mathematics named after him include Sinai's random walk, Sinai–Ruelle–Bowen measures, and Pirogov–Sinai theory. Sinai has overseen more than 50 Ph.D. candidates.[3] He has spoken at the International Congress of Mathematicians four times.[2] In 2000, he was a plenary speaker at the First Latin American Congress in Mathematics.[3]

Sinai is married to mathematician and physicist Elena B. Vul. The couple have written several joint papers.[3]

Yakov Sinai "Some Trends in Mathematical Fluid Dynamics"

Selected works

Introduction to Ergodic Theory. Princeton 1976.[10]
Topics in Ergodic Theory. Princeton 1977, 1994.[11]
Probability Theory – an Introductory Course. Springer, 1992.[11]
Theory of probability and Random Processes (with Koralov). 2nd edition, Springer, 2007.[11]
Theory of Phase Transitions – Rigorous Results. Pergamon, Oxford 1982.[11]
Ergodic Theory (with Isaac Kornfeld and Sergei Fomin). Springer, Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften 1982.[11]
"What is a Billiard?", Notices AMS 2004.[11]
"Mathematicians and physicists = Cats and Dogs?" in Bulletin AMS. 2006, vol. 4.[11]
"How mathematicians and physicists found each other in the theory of dynamical systems and in statistical mechanics", in Mathematical Events of the Twentieth Century (editors: Bolibruch, Osipov, & Sinai). Springer 2006, p. 399.[11]

References

Ball, Philip (March 26, 2014). "Chaos-theory pioneer nabs Abel Prize". Nature. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
"2002 Frederic Esser Nemmers Mathematics Prize Recipient". Northwestern University. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
"Yakov G. Sinai". Abel Prize. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
"Legendary Russian academic Yakov Sinai awarded 'math Nobel'". RT. March 27, 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
Uffink, Jos (2006). Compendium of the foundations of classical statistical physics (PDF). p. 91.
"Sinai biography". www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk. Retrieved 2017-06-28.
"The Abel Prize Laureate 2014". Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
"Gruppe 1: Matematiske fag" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
"List of Fellows of the American Mathematical Society". Retrieved July 20, 2013.
Chacon, R. V. (1978). "Review: Introduction to ergodic theory, by Ya. G. Sinai" (PDF). Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 84 (4): 656–660. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1978-14515-7.
"Yakov Bibliography" (PDF). Princeton University. Retrieved March 30, 2014.