Raphael Mitchel Robinson (November 2, 1911 – January 27, 1995) was an American mathematician.

Born in National City, California, Robinson was the youngest of four children of a lawyer and a teacher. He was awarded the BA (1932), MA (1933), and Ph.D. (1935), all in mathematics, and all from the University of California, Berkeley. His Ph.D. thesis, on complex analysis, was titled Some results in the theory of Schlicht functions.

In 1941, Robinson married his former student Julia Bowman. She became his Berkeley colleague and the first woman president of the American Mathematical Society.

Robinson worked on mathematical logic, set theory, geometry, number theory, and combinatorics. Robinson (1937) set out a simpler and more conventional version of John Von Neumann's 1923 axiomatic set theory. Soon after Alfred Tarski joined Berkeley's mathematics department in 1942, Robinson began to do major work on the foundations of mathematics, building on Tarski's concept of "essential undecidability," by proving a number of mathematical theories undecidable. Robinson (1950) proved that an essentially undecidable theory need not have an infinite number of axioms by coming up with a counterexample: Robinson arithmetic Q. Q is finitely axiomatizable because it lacks Peano arithmetic's axiom schema of induction; nevertheless Q, like Peano arithmetic, is incomplete and undecidable in the sense of Gödel. Robinson's work on undecidability culminated in his coauthoring Tarski et al. (1953), which established, among other things, the undecidability of group theory, lattice theory, abstract projective geometry, and closure algebras.

Robinson worked in number theory, even employing very early computers to obtain results. For example, he coded the Lucas-Lehmer primality test to determine whether 2ⁿ − 1 was prime for all prime n < 2304 on a SWAC. In 1952, he showed that these Mersenne numbers were all composite except for 17 values of n = 2, 3, 5, 7, 13, 17, 19, 31, 61, 89, 107, 127, 521, 607, 1279, 2203, 2281. He discovered the last 5 of these Mersenne primes, the largest ones known at the time.

Robinson wrote several papers on tilings of the plane, in particular a clear and remarkable 1971 paper "Undecidability and nonperiodicity for tilings of the plane" simplifying what had been a tangled theory.

Robinson became a full professor at Berkeley in 1949 and retired in 1973. He remained intellectually active until the very end of his long life. He published at age:

* 80 "Minsky's small universal Turing machine," describing a universal Turing machine with 4 symbols and 7 states;
* 83 "Two figures in the hyperbolic plane."

References

* Robinson, R. M. (1937), "The theory of classes: A modification of Von Neumann's system", Journal of Symbolic Logic 2 (1): 29–36, doi:10.2307/2268798, http://jstor.org/stable/2268798 .
*     (1950), "An Essentially Undecidable Axiom System", Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematics: 729–730 .
* Alfred Tarski, A. Mostowski, and R. M. Robinson, 1953. Undecidable theories. North Holland.
* Leon Henkin, 1995, "In memoriam : Raphael Mitchell Robinson," Bull. Symbolic Logic 1: 340–43.
* "In memoriam : Raphael Mitchell Robinson (1911–1995)," Modern Logic 5: 329.

External links

* O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Raphael M. Robinson", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews, http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Robinson_Raphael.html .. The source for much of this entry.
* Raphael M. Robinson at the Mathematics Genealogy Project