Otto Eduard Neugebauer (May 26, 1899 – February 19, 1990) was an Austrian-American mathematician and historian of science who became known for his research on the history of astronomy and the other exact sciences in antiquity and into the Middle Ages. By studying clay tablets he discovered that the ancient Babylonians knew much more about mathematics and astronomy than had been previously realized. The National Academy of Sciences has called Neugebauer "the most original and productive scholar of the history of the exact sciences, perhaps of the history of science, of our age."

Career

Neugebauer began as a mathematician, turned first to Egyptian and Babylonian mathematics, and then took up the history of mathematical astronomy. In a career of sixty-five years, he largely created our current understanding of mathematical astronomy from Babylon and Egypt, through Greco-Roman antiquity, to India, Islam, and Europe of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. His influence on the study of the history of the exact sciences is profound.

Neugebauer was born in Innsbruck, Austria, his father Rudolph Neugebauer a railroad construction engineer and a collector and scholar of Oriental carpets. His parents died when he was quite young. During World War I Neugebauer enlisted in the Austrian Army and served as an artillery lieutenant on the Italian front, and then in an Italian prisoner-of-war camp alongside fellow-countryman Ludwig Wittgenstein. In 1919 he entered the University of Graz in electrical engineering and physics, and in 1921 transferred to the University of Munich. From 1922 to 1924 he studied mathematics at the Mathematisches Institut at the University of Göttingen under Richard Courant, Edmund Landau, and Emmy Noether. During 1924-25 he was at the University of Copenhagen where his interests changed to the history of Egyptian mathematics. His thesis Die Grundlagen der ägyptischen Bruchrechnung [The Fundamentals of Egyptian Calculation with Fractions] (Springer, 1926) was a mathematical analysis of the table in the Rhind Papyrus. In 1927 he received his venia legendi for the history of mathematics and served as Privatdozent. His first paper on Babylonian mathematics, in 1927, was an account of the origin of the sexagesimal system.

In 1929 Neugebauer founded Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte der Mathematik, Astronomie und Physik (QS), a Springer series devoted to the history of the mathematical sciences, in which he published extended papers on Egyptian computational techniques in arithmetic and geometry, including the Moscow Papyrus, the most important text for geometry. Neugebauer had worked on the Moscow Papyrus in Leningrad in 1928.

In 1931 he founded the review journal Zentralblatt für Mathematik und ihre Grenzgebiete (Zbl), his most important contribution to modern mathematics. When Hitler became chancellor in 1933, Neugebauer was asked to sign an oath of loyalty to the new government, but he refused and was promptly suspended from employment. In 1934, he joined the University of Copenhagen as full professor of mathematics. In 1936 he published a paper on the method of dating and analyzing texts using diophantine equations. During 1935-37 he published a corpus of texts named Mathematische Keilschrift-Texte (MKT). MKT was a colossal work, in size, in detail, in depth, and its contents show that the riches of Babylonian mathematics far surpass anything one could imagine from a knowledge of Egyptian and Greek mathematics.

In 1939, after the Zentralblatt was taken over by the Nazis, he moved to the United States, joined the mathematics department at Brown University, and founded Mathematical Reviews. He became an American citizen, and remained at Brown for most of his career, founding the History of Mathematics Department there in 1947, and becoming University Professor. Jointly with the American Assyriologist Abraham Sachs, he published Mathematical Cuneiform Texts in 1945, and this has remained a standard English-language work on Babylonian mathematics. In 1967 he was awarded the Henry Norris Russell Lectureship by the American Astronomical Society. In 1977, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences, and in 1979, he received the Award for Distinguished Service to Mathematics from the Mathematical Association of America. In 1984 he moved to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, where he had been a member since 1950.

Neugebauer was also interested in chronology. He was able to reconstruct the Alexandrian Christian calendar and its origin from the Alexandrian Jewish calendar as of about the 4th century, at least 200 years prior to any other source for either calendar. Thus, the Jewish calendar was derived by combining the 19-year cycle using the Alexandrian year with the seven-day week, and was then slightly modified by the Christians to prevent Easter from ever coinciding with Passover. The ecclesiastical calendar, considered by church historians to be highly scientific and deeply complex, turned out to be quite simple. In 1988, by studying a scrap of Greek papyrus, Neugebauer discovered the most important single piece of evidence to date for the extensive transmission of Babylonian astronomy to the Greeks and for the continuing use of Babylonian methods for 400 years even after Ptolemy wrote the Almagest. His last paper, “From Assyriology to Renaissance Art,” published in 1989, detailed the history of a single astronomical parameter, the mean length of the synodic month, from cuneiform tablets, to the papyrus fragment just mentioned, to the Jewish calendar, to an early 15th-century book of hours.

In 1986 Neugebauer was awarded the Balzan Prize "for his fundamental research into the exact sciences in the ancient world, in particular, on ancient Mesopotamian, Egyptian and Greek astronomy, which has put our understanding of ancient science on a new footing and illuminated its transmission to the classical and medieval worlds. For his outstanding success in promoting interest and further research in the history of science" (Motivation of the Balzan General Prize Committee). Neugebauer donated the prize money of 250,000 Swiss francs to the Institute for Advanced Study.

The noted physicist and astronomer Gerry Neugebauer at Caltech is his son.

Prizes and Honors

* Honorary doctorate, University of St Andrews, 1938
* Honorary doctorate, Princeton University, 1957
* Honorary doctorate, Brown University, 1971
* American Council of Learned Societies' Award, 1961
* Distinguished Service Award, Mathematical Association of America, 1979
* Franklin Medal, American Philosophical Society, 1987
* Susan Culver Rosenberger Medal of Honor, Brown University, 1987
* John F. Lewis Prize, American Philosophical Society, 1952
* Heineman Prize for the Exact Sciences, 1953
* Pfizer Prize, 1975 and 1985
* Balzan Prize, 1986

Select publications

Articles

* "The Early History of the Astrolabe." Isis 40 (1949): 240-56.
* "The Study of Wretched Subjects." Isis 42 (1951): 111.
* "On the 'Hippopede' of Eudoxus." Scripta Mathematica 19 (1953): 225-29.
* "Apollonius' Planetary Theory." Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 8 (1955): 641-48.
* "The Equivalence of Eccentric and Epicyclic Motion According to Apollonius." Scripta Mathematica 24 (1959): 5-21.
* "Thabit Ben Qurra 'On the Solar Year' and 'On the Motion of the Eighth Sphere.'" Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 106 (1962): 264-98.
* "On the Allegedly Heliocentric Theory of Venus by Heraclides Ponticus." American Journal of Philology 93 (1973): 600-601.
* "Notes on Autolycus." Centaurus 18 (1973): 66-69.
* "Studies in Ancient Astronomy. VIII. The Water Clock in Babylonian Astronomy." Isis, Vol. 37, No. 1/2, pp. 37-43. (May, 1947). JSTOR link. Reprinted in Neugebauer (1983), pp. 239-245 (*).
* (with Richard A. Parker) "Egyptian Astronomical Texts: Iii. Decans, Planets, Constellations, and Zodiacs."

Books

* (with Abraham Sachs, eds.). Mathematical Cuneiform Texts. American Oriental Series, vol. 29. New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1945.
* The Exact Sciences in Antiquity. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952; 2nd edition, Brown University Press, 1957; reprint, New York: Dover publications, 1969.
* Astronomical Cuneiform Texts. 3 volumes. London:1956; 2nd edition, New York: Springer, 1983. (Commonly abbreviated as ACT)
* The Astronomical Tables of al-Khwarizmi. Historiskfilosofiske Skrifter undgivet af Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Bind 4, nr. 2. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1962.
* Ethiopic Astronomy and Computus. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1979.
* A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy 3 vols. Berlin: Springer, 1975. (Commonly abbreviated as HAMA)
* Astronomy and History: Selected Essays. New York: Springer, 1983.

External links

* National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoirs V.75 (1998) - Otto E. Neugebauer, pp. 214-239
* Biography at the MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.