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Jan Łukasiewicz (Polish pronunciation: [ˈjan wukaˈɕɛvʲitʂ]) (21 December 1878 – 13 February 1956) was a Polish logician and philosopher born in Lwów (Lemberg in German), Galicia, Austria–Hungary (now Lviv, Ukraine). His work centred on analytical philosophy and mathematical logic. He thought innovatively about traditional propositional logic, the principle of non-contradiction and the law of excluded middle.

Life

He grew up in Lwów and was the only child of Paweł Łukasiewicz, a captain in the Austrian army, and Leopoldina (née Holtzer), the daughter of an Austrian civil servant. His family was Roman Catholic.

He finished his gymnasium studies in philology and in 1897 went on to Lwów University (University of Lemberg) where he studied philosophy and mathematics. In philosophy he was a pupil of Kazimierz Twardowski.

In 1902, he received a Doctor of Philosophy degree under the patronage of emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria who gave him a special doctor ring with diamonds.

He spent three years as a private teacher, and in 1905 he received a scholarship to complete his philosophical studies at the University of Berlin and the University of Louvain in Belgium.

Łukasiewicz continued studying for his habilitation qualification and in 1906 submitted his thesis to the University of Lwów. In 1906 he was appointed a lecturer at the University of Lwów where he was eventually appointed Extraordinary Professor by Emperor Franz Joseph I. He taught there until the First World War.

In 1915 he was invited to lecture as a full professor at the University of Warsaw which had re-opened after being closed down by the Tsarist government in the 19th century.

In 1919 Łukasiewicz left the university to serve as Polish Minister of Religious Denominations and Public Education in the Paderewski government until 1920.

In 1928 he married Regina Barwińska.

He remained a professor at the University of Warsaw from 1920 until 1939 when the family house was destroyed by German bombs and the university was closed under German occupation. He had been a rector of the university twice. In this period Lukasiewicz and Stanisław Leśniewski founded the Lwów–Warsaw school of logic which was later made internationally famous by Alfred Tarski who had been Leśniewski's student.

At the beginning of World War II he worked at the secret Warsaw Underground University (Tajny Uniwersytet Warszawski) as part of the secret system of education in Poland during World War II.

He and his wife wanted to move to Switzerland but couldn't get permission from the German authorities. Instead, in the summer of 1944, they left Poland with the help of Heinrich Scholz and spent the last few months of the war in Münster, Germany hoping to somehow go on further, perhaps to Switzerland.

Following the war, he emigrated to Ireland and worked at the University College Dublin (UCD) until his death.

From 1999-2004, the Department of Computer Science building at UCD was called the Łukasiewicz Building, until all campus buildings were re-named after the disciplines they housed.

Work

A number of axiomatizations of classical propositional logic are owed to Łukasiewicz. A particularly elegant axiomatization features a mere three axioms and is still invoked down to the present day. He was a pioneer investigator of multi-valued logics; his three-valued propositional calculus, introduced in 1917, was the first explicitly axiomatized non-classical logical calculus. He wrote on the philosophy of science, and his approach to the making of scientific theories was similar to the thinking of Karl Popper.

Łukasiewicz invented the Polish notation (named after his nationality) for the logical connectives around 1920. There is a quotation from his paper, Remarks on Nicod's Axiom and on "Generalizing Deduction", page 180.

"I came upon the idea of a parenthesis-free notation in 1924. I used that notation for the first time in my article Łukasiewicz(1), p. 610, footnote."

The reference cited by Łukasiewicz above is apparently a lithographed report in Polish. The referring paper by Łukasiewicz Remarks on Nicod's Axiom and on "Generalizing Deduction", originally published in Polish in 1931[1], was later reviewed by H. A. Pogorzelski in the Journal of Symbolic Logic in 1965.[2]

In Łukasiewicz 1951 book, Aristotle's Syllogistic from the Standpoint of Modern Formal Logic, he mentions that the principle of his notation was to write the functors before the arguments to avoid brackets and that he had employed his notation in his logical papers since 1929.[3] He then goes on to cite, as an example, a 1930 paper he wrote with Alfred Tarski on the sentential calculus.[4]

This notation is the root of the idea of the recursive stack, a last-in, first-out computer memory store proposed by several researchers including Turing, Bauer and Hamblin, and first implemented in 1957. In 1960, Łukasiewicz notation concepts and stacks were used as the basis of the Burroughs B5000 computer designed by Robert S. Barton and his team at Burroughs Corporation in Pasadena, California. The concepts also led to the design of the English Electric multi-programmed KDF9 computer system of 1963, which had two such hardware register stacks. A similar concept underlies the reverse Polish notation (RPN, a postfix notation) of the Friden EC-130 calculator and its successors, many Hewlett Packard calculators, the Forth programming language, or the PostScript page description language.

Recognition

In 2008 the Polish Information Processing Society established the Jan Łukasiewicz Award, to be presented to the most innovative Polish IT companies.[5]

Chronology

* 1878 born
* 1890–1902 studies with Kazimierz Twardowski in Lemberg (Lwów, L'viv)
* 1902 doctorate (mathematics and philosophy), University of Lemberg with the highest distinction possible
* 1906 habilitation thesis completed, University of Lemberg
* 1906 becomes a lecturer
* 1910 essays on the principle of non-contradiction and the excluded middle
* 1911 extraordinary professor at Lemberg
* 1915 invited to the newly reopened University of Warsaw
* 1916 new Kingdom of Poland declared
* 1917 develops three-valued propositional calculus
* 1919 Polish Minister of Education
* 1920–1939 professor at Warsaw University founds with Stanisław Leśniewski the Lwów–Warsaw school of logic (see also Alfred Tarski, Stefan Banach, Hugo Steinhaus, Zygmunt Janiszewski, Stefan Mazurkiewicz)
* 1928 marries Regina Barwińska
* 1944 flees to Germany and settles in Hembsen, where he was brought for his own safety.
* 1946 exile in Belgium
* 1946 offered a chair by the Royal Irish Academy, held at University College Dublin
* 1953 writes autobiography
* 1956 dies in Dublin

Selected works

Books

* Łukasiewicz, Jan (1951). Aristotle’s Syllogistic from the Standpoint of Modern Formal Logic. Oxford University Press. 2nd Edition, enlarged, 1957. Reprinted by Garland Publishing in 1987. ISBN 0824069242
* Łukasiewicz, Jan (1958) (in Polish). Elementy logiki matematycznej. Warsaw, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. OCLC 11322101.
* Łukasiewicz, Jan (1964). Elements of Mathematical Logic. Translated from Polish by Olgierd Wojtasiewicz.. New York, Macmillan. OCLC 671498.
* Łukasiewicz, Jan (1970). Ludwik Borkowski. ed. Selected Works. North-Holland Pub. Co.. ISBN 0720422523. OCLC 115237.

Papers

* "On Induction as Inversion of Deduction" (1903)
* "Analysis and Construction of the Concept of Cause" (1906)
* "On Aristotle's Principle of Contradiction" (1910)
* "On the Reversibility of the Relation of Ground and Consequence" (1913)
* "On Three-valued Logic" (1920)
* "Two-valued Logic" (1921)
* "A Numerical Interpretation of the Theory of Propositions" (1922)
* "Concerning the Method in Philosophy" (1928)
* "Elements of Mathematical Logic" (1929)
* "On Importance and Requirements of Mathematical Logic" (1929)
* "Philosophical Remarks on Many-Valued Systems of Propositional Logic" (1930)
* "Investigations into the Sentential Calculus" ["Untersuchungen über den Aussagenkalkül"] (1930) with Alfred Tarski
* "Comments on Nicod's Axiom and the 'Generalizing Deduction'" (1931)
* "On Science" (1934)
* "Importance of Logical Analysis for Knowledge" (1934)
* "Outlines of the History of the Propositional Logic" (1934)
* "Logistic and Philosophy" (1936)
* "In Defense of the Logistic" (1937)
* "On Descartes's Philosophy" (1938)
* "The Shortest Axiom of the Implicational Calculus of Propositions" (1943)
* "On Variable Functors of Propositional Arguments" (1951)
* "On the Intuitionistic Theory of Deduction" (1952)