Geophysical survey

Geophysical survey refers to the systematic collection of geophysical data for spatial studies. Geophysical surveys may use a great variety of sensing instruments, and data may be collected from above or below the Earth's surface or from aerial or marine platforms. Geophysical surveys have many applications in Earth science, archaeology, mineral and energy exploration, and engineering. Geophysical surveys are used in industry as well as for academic research.

There are many methods and types of instrumentation used in geophysical surveys. Technologies used for geophysical surveys include:

1. Seismic methods, such as reflection seismology, seismic refraction, and seismic tomography.
2. Magnetotellurics
3. Transient electromagnetic (EM)
4. Radio frequency electromagnetic propagation (e.g., ground penetrating radar)
5. Electrical techniques, including Electrical resistivity, induced polarization, and Spontaneous potential
6. Magnetic techniques, including aeromagnetic surveys and magnetometers.
7. Gravity and Gravity Gradiometry
8. Geodesy
9. Remote sensing
10. Seismoelectrical Method