Pinus pinea

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Divisio: Tracheophyta
Divisio: Pinophyta
Classis: Pinopsida
Ordo: Pinales

Familia: Pinaceae
Genus: Pinus
Subgenus: P. subg. Pinus
Sectio: P. sect. Pinea
Subsectio: P. subsect. Pineae
Species: Pinus pinea
Name

Pinus pinea L., Sp. Pl.: 1000 (1753).
Synonyms

Homotypic
Pinus fastuosa Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 398 (1796), nom. superfl.
Pinea esculenta Opiz, Oekon. Neuigk. Verh. 1839: 526 (1839), nom. superfl.
Apinus pinea (L.) Neck. ex Rydb., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 597 (1905).
Heterotypic
Pinus sativa Garsault, Fig. Pl. Méd.: t. 65 (1764), opus utiq. oppr.
Pinus africana Münchh., Hausvater 5(1): 226 (1770).
Pinus maderiensis Ten., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 4, 2: 379 (1854).
Pinus aracanensis Knight ex Gordon & Glend., Pinetum: 179 (1858), not validly publ.
Pinus arctica Carrière, Traité Gén. Conif., ed. 2: 456 (1867), not validly publ.
Pinus fragilis Carrière, Traité Gén. Conif., ed. 2: 457 (1867), not validly publ.
Pinus pinea var. maderiensis (Ten.) Carrière, Traité Gén. Conif., ed. 2, 1: 457 (1867).

References

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus II: 1000. Reference page.
Tutin, T.G., Burges, N.A., Chater, A.O., Edmondson, J.R., Heywood, V.H., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (eds.) 1993. Flora Europaea. Volume 1: Psilotaceae to Platanaceae. 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK) / New York / Melbourne, xlvi + 581 pp., ISBN 0-521-41007-X. Reference page.
Dobignard, A. & Chatelain, C. 2010. Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du Nord. Volume 1: Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae, Monocotyledoneae. Conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève, ISBN 978-2-8277-0120-9, 455 pp. PDF Reference page.
Farjon, A., 2013. Pinus pinea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013. IUCN Red List Category: Least Concern. DOI: 10.2305/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42391A2977175.en. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2019. Pinus pinea in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2019 April 13. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2019. Pinus pinea. Published online. Accessed: 13 April 2019.

Vernacular names
Afrikaans: Sambreelden
العربية: صنوبر ثمري
azərbaycanca: İtaliya şamı
български: пиния
català: Pi pinyer
corsu: Pinu granatu
čeština: Borovice pinie
Cymraeg: Pinwydden ymbarél
dansk: Pinje
Deutsch: Pinie
Ελληνικά, Κυπριακά: Πεύκη η πίτυς, Πεύκος ήμερος, Κουκουναριά

English: Stone Pine
español: Pino piñonero
suomi: Pinja
magyar: Mandulafenyő
italiano: Pino da pinoli
македонски: Пинија
Nederlands: Parasolden
norsk nynorsk: Pinje
norsk: Pinje
português: Pinheiro-manso
русский: Сосна пиния
sardu: Oppinu bonu
slovenščina: Pinija
Türkçe: Fıstık çamı
中文: 意大利石松

The stone pine, botanical name Pinus pinea, also known as the Italian stone pine, umbrella pine and parasol pine, is a tree from the pine family (Pinaceae). The tree is native to the Mediterranean region, occurring in Southern Europe, The Palestinian Territories, Israel, Lebanon and Syria. It is also naturalized in North Africa, the Canary Islands, South Africa and New South Wales. The species was introduced into North Africa millennia ago.

Stone pines have been used and cultivated for their edible pine nuts since prehistoric times. They are widespread in horticultural cultivation as ornamental trees, planted in gardens and parks around the world. In coastal California, for example, where known popularly as the Italian stone pine in tree guidebooks since 1956, this evergreen is widely grown from Hollywood to Palisades Park (Santa Monica), to Sylmar in the northern San Fernando Valley, and in Marina del Rey, after World War II. This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[2]

Pinus pinea is a diagnostic species of the vegetation class Pinetea halepensis.[3]

Distribution

The prehistoric range of Pinus pinea included North Africa in the Sahara Desert and Maghreb regions during a more humid climate period, in present-day Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya. Its contemporary natural range is in the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome ecoregions and countries, including the following:

Southern Europe

Pinus pinea, Doñana National Park (Andalusia, Spain)

The Iberian conifer forests ecoregion of the Iberian Peninsula in Spain and Portugal; the Italian sclerophyllous and semideciduous forests ecoregion in France and Italy; the Tyrrhenian-Adriatic sclerophyllous and mixed forests ecoregion of southern Italy, Sicily, and Sardinia; the Illyrian deciduous forests of the eastern coast of the Ionian and Adriatic Seas in Croatia and Albania; and the Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests ecoregion of the southern Balkan Peninsula in Greece. In many parts of northern Italy, large parks with pine trees were laid out by the sea. Examples are the Pineta of Jesolo and Barcola, the Urban Beach of Trieste.

In Greece, although the species is not widely distributed,[4] an extensive stone pine forest exists in western Peloponnese at Strofylia[5] on the peninsula separating the Kalogria Lagoon from the Mediterranean Sea. This coastal forest is at least 13 kilometres (8 miles) long, with dense and tall stands of Pinus pinea mixed with Pinus halepensis.[6] Currently, Pinus halepensis is outcompeting stone pines in many locations of the forest.[7] Another location in Greece is at Koukounaries on the northern Aegean island of Skiathos at the southwest corner of the island. This is a half-mile-long dense stand of stone and Aleppo pines that lies between a lagoon and the Aegean Sea.[8]

Western Asia

In Western Asia, the Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests ecoregion in Turkey; and the Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests ecoregion in Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel and in the Palestinian Territories.

Northern Africa

The Mediterranean woodlands and forests ecoregion of North Africa, in Morocco and Algeria.

South Africa

In the Western Cape Province, the pines were according to legend planted by the French Huguenot refugees who settled at the Cape of Good Hope during the late 17th century and who brought the seeds with them from France. The tree is known in the Afrikaans language as kroonden.
Description
Stone pine in Brissago, on Lake Maggiore

The stone pine is a coniferous evergreen tree that can exceed 25 metres (80 feet) in height, but 12–20 m (40–65 ft) is more typical. In youth, it is a bushy globe, in mid-age an umbrella canopy on a thick trunk, and, in maturity, a broad and flat crown over 8 m (26 ft) in width.[2] The bark is thick, red-brown and deeply fissured into broad vertical plates.

Foliage

The flexible mid-green leaves are needle-like, in bundles of two, and are 10–20 cm (4–8 in) long (exceptionally up to 30 cm or 12 in). Young trees up to 5–10 years old bear juvenile leaves, which are very different, single (not paired), 2–4 cm (3⁄4–1+1⁄2 in) long, glaucous blue-green; the adult leaves appear mixed with juvenile leaves from the fourth or fifth year on, replacing it fully by around the tenth year. Juvenile leaves are also produced in regrowth following injury, such as a broken shoot, on older trees.
Cone

Cones

The cones are broad, ovoid, 8–15 cm (3–6 in) long, and take 36 months to mature, longer than any other pine. The seeds (pine nuts, piñones, pinhões, pinoli, or pignons) are large, 2 cm (3⁄4 in) long, and pale brown with a powdery black coating that rubs off easily, and have a rudimentary 4–8 mm (5⁄32–5⁄16 in) wing that falls off very easily. The wing is ineffective for wind dispersal, and the seeds are animal-dispersed, originally mainly by the Iberian magpie, but in recent history largely by humans.
Use
Food

Pinus pinea has been cultivated extensively for at least 6,000 years for its edible pine nuts, which have been trade items since early historic times. The tree has been cultivated throughout the Mediterranean region for so long that it has naturalized, and is often considered native beyond its natural range.
Ornamental
Pines on Via Appia Antica

The tree is among the current symbols of Rome. It was first planted in Rome during the Roman Republic, where many historic Roman roads, such as the Via Appia, were (and still are) embellished with lines of stone pines. Stone pines were planted on the hills of the Bosphorus strait in Istanbul for ornamental purposes during the Ottoman period. In Italy, the stone pine has been an aesthetic landscape element since the Italian Renaissance garden period. In the 1700s, P. pinea began being introduced as an ornamental tree to other Mediterranean climate regions of the world, and is now often found in gardens and parks in South Africa, California, and Australia. It has naturalized beyond cities in South Africa to the extent that it is listed as an invasive species there. It is also planted in western Europe up to southern Scotland, and on the East Coast of the United States up to New Jersey.

In the United Kingdom it has won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[9][10]

Small specimens are used for bonsai, and also grown in large pots and planters. The year-old seedlings are seasonally available as table-top Christmas trees 20–30 cm (8–12 in) tall.
Other

Other products of economic value include resin, bark for tannin extraction, and empty pine cone shells for fuel. Pinus pinea is also currently widely cultivated around the Mediterranean for environmental protection such as consolidation of coastal dunes, soil conservation and protection of coastal agricultural crops.[11]
Pests

The introduced western conifer seed bug (Leptoglossus occidentalis) was accidentally imported with timber to northern Italy in the late 1990s from western USA, and has spread across Europe as an invasive pest species since then. It feeds on the sap of developing conifer cones throughout its life, and its sap-sucking causes the developing seeds to wither and misdevelop. It has destroyed most of the pine nut seeds in Italy, threatening P. pinea in its native habitats there.[12]

References

Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus pinea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42391A2977175. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42391A2977175.en. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
"Pinus pinea". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
Bonari, Gianmaria; Fernández‐González, Federico; Çoban, Süleyman; Monteiro‐Henriques, Tiago; Bergmeier, Erwin; Didukh, Yakiv P.; Xystrakis, Fotios; Angiolini, Claudia; Chytrý, Kryštof; Acosta, Alicia T.R.; Agrillo, Emiliano (January 2021). Ewald, Jörg (ed.). "Classification of the Mediterranean lowland to submontane pine forest vegetation". Applied Vegetation Science. 24 (1). doi:10.1111/avsc.12544. hdl:10400.5/21923. ISSN 1402-2001. S2CID 228839165.
Earle, Christopher J. "Pinus pinea". The Gymnosperm database. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
"Strofylia – Greece". F:ACTS!. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
"GR098 Kalogria lagoon, Strofilia forest, and Lamia marshes". Hellenic Ornithological Society. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
Ganatsas, Petros. "Pinus halepensis invasion in Pinus pinea habitat" (PDF). Journal for Nature Conservation. Elsevier. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
"NatureBank – Βιότοπος NATURA – SKIATHOS: KOUKOUNARIES KAI EVRYTERI THALASSIA PERIOCHI". filotis.itia.ntua.gr.
"RHS Plantfinder - Pinus pinea". Retrieved 30 April 2018.
"AGM Plants – Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 71. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
Fady, B.; Finesch, S. & Vendramin, G. (2004), Italian stone pine − Pinus pinea: Technical guidelines for genetic conservation and use (PDF), European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
PR (20 October 2010). "Italy's pine nut pest". Public Radio International. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2012.

Plants of Cyprus