Athrotaxis cupressoides

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Divisio: Tracheophyta
Divisio: Pinophyta
Classis: Pinopsida
Ordo: Pinales

Familia: Cupressaceae
Subfamilia: Athrotaxidoideae
Genus: Athrotaxis
Species: Athrotaxis cupressoides
Name

Athrotaxis cupressoides D.Don, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1: 235. 1838.

Typus: "in Tasmania prope Launceston D. Gunn n. 365 et 369 (v.s. sp. in Herb. Lindl.)."

Synonyms

Homotypic
Cunninghamia cupressoides (D.Don) Zucc. in P.F.von Siebold & J.G.Zuccarini, Fl. Jap. 2: 9. 1842.
Heterotypic
Athrotaxis imbricata Gordon, Pinetum, Suppl.: 16. 1862.

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Australasia
Regional: Australia
Tasmania.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Don, D. 1838. Description of two new genera of Coniferae. Annals of Natural History 1(3): 233–235. BHL. Reference page.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2020. Athrotaxis cupressoides in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2020 Jan 04. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2020. Athrotaxis cupressoides. Published online. Accessed: Jan 04 2020.
Tropicos.org 2020. Athrotaxis cupressoides. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 04 Jan 2020.
Australian Plant Name Index (APNI) Athrotaxis cupressoides Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian National Botanic Gardens & Australian National Herbarium. Accessed: 2020 Jan 04.
IUCN: Athrotaxis cupressoides D.Don (Vulnerable)

Athrotaxis cupressoides, is also known as pencil pine, despite being a species of the family Cupressaceae, and not a member of the pine family.[4] Found either as an erect shrub or as a tree, this species is endemic to Tasmania, Australia. Trees can live for upwards of 1000 years, sustaining a very slow growth rate of approximately 12 mm in diameter per year.[5]

As with all species in the Athrotaxis genus, A. cupressoides’ leaves are single-veined and arranged in spirals. Unique to A. cupressoides the leaves are 2-3mm long/wide, overlapping and closely compressed stem.[6] This results in a scale like appearance. Two forms of woody cones act as the gametophyte structures, which mature approximately six months after pollination and are typically retained on the tree for up to one year. The female cones are spherical with pointed bract scales 12-15 mm in diameter. The male cones are much smaller 3-5 mm in diameter. The common name pencil pine is based on it being an evergreen conical-shaped tree which grows up to 20m, with trunks up to 1.5m in diameter.[7] This shape is most prominent when found in subalpine or open alpine vegetation, however it can also occur as a rainforest tree. Bark is light brown and fibrous, becoming more furrowed with age.[8][9]

The name Athrotaxis is derived from the Greek words athros meaning crowded and taxis meaning arrangement. The species name cupressoides in Greek means ‘resembling cypress’.[5]

Distribution and Habitat
The spiral leaf arrangement

Athrotaxis cupressoides is an endemic native to Tasmania, Australia. Is distribution is primarily in the central and western mountain areas between 700 and 1300m above sea level, often around tarns or damp depressions on peaty or wet-rocky soils. Locations at which you may observe A. cupressoides include; the Central Plateau, the Great Western Tier, Mt. Field National Park, the westward mountains such as Cradle Mountain and scattered on the south of the island.[1]

Typically Athrotaxis cupressoides are found in subalpine or open alpine vegetation. When found in montane rainforests (also known as cool temperate rainforests) A. cupressoides dominates.[10] These environments are typically composed of; a canopy containing Athrotaxis cupressoides, and Athrotaxis selaginoides (king billy pine), an understory containing Nothofagus cunninghamii (myrtle beech) and Phyllocladus aspleniifolius (celery-top pine), a shrub layer containing Olearia pinifolius (prickly daisybush) and Richea species, and a ground covering of Astelia alpine (pineapple grass), Empodisma minus (spreading rope rush) and Gleichenia alpina (alpine coral fern).[10][11]

In regions where both A. cupressoides and A. selaginoides grow a third hybrid species can occasionally be found. These two species are so closely related they form the hybrid Athrotaxis x laxifolia[7].
Threats
Dead trunks and branches of Athrotaxis cupressoides 30-40 years after a bush fire

Athrotaxis cupressoides is a highly fire sensitive species, hence the oldest and most vigorous populations are located in damp regions.[12] Major fires at the Walls of Jerusalem National Park and the Central Plateau Conservation Area during the summer of 1960 – 1961, and again in 2016, severely affected and reduced the population.[13] The species’ poor adaption to fire and the added stress of regeneration being hampered by grazing animals makes recovery from these incidents difficult. Animals such as sheep, rabbits and native marsupials, have been observed to eat the seedlings, suckers and adult foliage leaving significant impact on the plants.[4] loss of A. cupressoides populations is largely irreversible given the relatively high fuel loads of postfire vegetation communities that are dominated by resprouting shrubs. A. cupressoides is expected to contract to only the most fire-proof landscapes, given the regeneration failures and increased flammability together with an expected drier and warmer climate.[14]

Signs of die back have also been associated with disease caused by an introduced strain of Phytophthora[1].
Taxonomy

Athrotaxis cupressoides was previously under the family Taxodiaceae, which has now been merged with Cupressaceae.[15]
Uses and cultivation

Athrotaxis cupressoides currently has no recorded uses. The trunks are gnarled and unsuitable for uses as timber.[1] The species is however occasionally grown and sold as an ornamental.[1]
References

Farjon, A. (2013). "Athrotaxis cupressoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T32054A2810019. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T32054A2810019.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
"Arthrotaxis cupressoides". Australian Plant Name Index, IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
Don, D. (1838) Annals of Natural History 1: 234.
"Conifer Species: Athrotaxis cupressoides | American Conifer Society". American Conifer Society. Retrieved 2018-03-09.
Education Service - Australian National Botanic Gardens. "Australian Conifers". www.anbg.gov.au. Retrieved 2018-03-09.
Wiltshire, Rob; Jordan, Greg (2009). Tree Flip. School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania & CRC for Forestry.
"Key to Tasmanian Dicots". www.utas.edu.au. Retrieved 2018-03-09.
"Athrotaxis cupressoides (Pencil pine) description". www.conifers.org. Retrieved 2018-03-09.
Simmons, Marion H.; Wapstra, Hans; Wapstra, Annie (2008). A guide to flowers & plants of Tasmania (4th ed.). Chatswood, N.S.W.: Reed New Holland. ISBN 9781877069475. OCLC 225635307.
"Rainforest | Sustainable Timbers Tasmania". www.sttas.com.au. Retrieved 2018-03-09.
Tasmanian Vegetation Monitoring and Mapping Program, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (2016). "RPP Athrotaxis cupressoides rainforest: grassy facies" (PDF).
Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (2010). "Endemic Conifers of Tasmania". Archived from the original on 2018-12-09. Retrieved 2018-03-10.
Johnson, K. A.; Marsden-Smedley, J. B. (2002). "FIRE HISTORY OF THE NORTHERN PART OF THE TASMANIAN WILDERNESS WORLD HERITAGE AREA AND ITS ASSOCIATED REGIONS" (PDF). Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania. 136. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2018-03-10.
Holz, A.; Wood, S.W.; Veblen, T.T.; Bowman, D.M.J.S. (2015). "Effects of high-severity fire drove the population collapse of the subalpine Tasmanian endemic conifer Athrotaxis cupressoides". Global Change Biology. 21 (1): 445–458. Bibcode:2015GCBio..21..445H. doi:10.1111/gcb.12674. ISSN 1354-1013. PMID 25044347.
Chrtek, Jindřich; Pergl, Jan (2013-06-01). "Book Reviews". Folia Geobotanica. 48 (2): 285–296. doi:10.1007/s12224-013-9160-6. ISSN 1211-9520. S2CID 18515095.