Osteospermum

Familia: Asteraceae
Subfamilia: Asteroideae
Tribus: Calenduleae
Genus: Osteospermum
Species: O. acanthospermum – O. aciphyllum – O. acutifolium – O. afromontanum – O. amplectens – O. angolense – O. apterum – O. armatum – O. asperulum – O. attenuatum – O. auriculatum – O. australe – O. barberae – O. bidens – O. bolusii – O. breviradiatum – O. burttianum – O. calcicola – O. calendulaceum – O. caulescens – O. ciliatum – O. connatum – O. corymbosum – O. crassifolium – O. dentatum – O. ecklonis – O. elsieae – O. fruticosum – O. grandidentatum – O. grandiflorum – O. hafstroemii – O. herbaceum – O. hirsutum – O. hispidum – O. hyoseroides – O. ilicifolium – O. imbricatum – O. incanum – O. jucundum – O. junceum – O. karrooicum – O. lanceolatum – O. leptolobum – O. microcarpum – O. microphyllum – O. moniliferum – O. monocephalum – O. monstrosum – O. montanum – O. muricatum – O. nervosum – O. nordenstamii – O. norlindhianum – O. nyikense – O. oppositifolium – O. pinnatilobatum – O. pinnatum – O. polycephalum – O. polygaloides – O. potbergense – O. pterigoideum – O. pyrifolium – O. rigidum – O. rosulatum – O. rotundifolium – O. sanctae-helenae – O. scariosum – O. sinuatum – O. spathulatum – O. spinescens – O. spinigerum – O. spinosum – O. striatum – O. subulatum – O. thodei – O. tomentosum – O. triquetrum – O. vaillantii – O. volkensii
Name

Osteospermum L., Sp. Pl. 2: 923. (1753) nom. et typ. cons.

Type species: Osteospermum spinosum L., Sp. Pl. 2: 923. (1753)

Synonyms

Heterotypic
Chrysanthemoides Fabr., Enum. [Fabr.]. 79. (1759)
Tripteris Less., Linnaea 6: 95. (1831)
Oligocarpus Less., Syn. Gen. Compos. 90. (1832)
Inuloides B.Nord., Compositae Newslett. 44: 44. (2006)
Monoculus B.Nord., Compositae Newslett. 44: 39. (2006)
Nephrotheca B.Nord. & Källersjö, Compositae Newslett. 44: 33. (2006)
Norlindhia B.Nord., Compositae Newslett. 44: 41. (2006)

Note: This a view of Osteospermum s.l., excepting mainly Calendula - see Calenduleae However, the incorporation or segregation of the other genera found on the taxon page for the tribe does not render this genus any more or less monophyletc given the segregation of Calendula (Manning and Goldblatt, 2012).
References

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus II: 923. Reference page.
African Plants Database (version 3.4.0). Osteospermum. Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève and South Afric an National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. Accessed: 2010 May 24.
Hassler, M. 2018. Osteospermum. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2018. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2018 Jan. 10. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2017. Osteospermum. Published online. Accessed: Dec. 30 2017.
Manning, J.C. & Goldblatt, P. 2012. Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region. Volume 1: The Core Cape Flora. Strelitzia 29: 1–825. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. ISBN 978-1-919976-74-7. PDF. Reference page. pp. 800-802
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. May 2007 Osteospermum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service.

Vernacular names
English: African Daisy Bush
suomi: Tähtisilmät
中文: 藍眼菊

Osteospermum /ˌɒstiəˈspɜːrməm, -tioʊ-/,[1][2] is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the Calenduleae, one of the smaller tribes of the sunflower/daisy family Asteraceae. They are known as the daisybushes[3] or African daisies.

Osteospermum used to belong to the genus Dimorphotheca, but only the annual species remain in that genus; the perennials belong to Osteospermum. The genus Osteospermum is also closely related to the small genus Chrysanthemoides, such as C. incana and C. monilifera.

Names

The scientific name is derived from the Greek osteon (bone) and Latin spermum (seed). It has been given several common names: African daisy, South African daisy, Cape daisy and blue-eyed daisy.
Description

Their alternate (rarely opposite) leaves are green, but some variegated forms exist. The leaf form is lanceolate. The leaf margin is entire, but hardy types are toothed.

The daisy-like composite flower consists of disc florets and ray florets, growing singly at the end of branches or sometimes in inflorescences of terminal corymbose cymes. The disc florets are pseudo-bisexual and come in several colors such as blue, yellow and purple. The hardy types usually show a dark blue center in the disc until the yellow pollen is shed. The ray florets are female and are found diverse colors such as white, cream, pink, purple, mauve to yellow. Some cultivars have "spooned" petals such as "Pink Whirls". Many species flower a second time late summer, stimulated by the cooler night temperatures. Hardy types show profuse flowering in the spring, but they do not get a second flush of flowers.
Species

Osteospermum acanthospermum
Osteospermum amplectens
Osteospermum attenuatum
Osteospermum australe
Osteospermum barberiae
Osteospermum breviradiatum Norl. — Lemoenboegoe
Osteospermum burttianum
Osteospermum calendulaceum L.f. — Stinking Roger (synonym of Oligocarpus calendulaceus)
Osteospermum caulescens
Osteospermum clandestinum — (synonym of Tripteris clandestina)
Osteospermum dentatum
Osteospermum ecklonis (DC.) Norl. — Cape marguerite, blue-and-white daisybush
Osteospermum fruticosum (L.) Norl. — Trailing African daisy, shrubby daisybush
Osteospermum grandidentatum — Yellow trailing daisy
Osteospermum grandiflorum
Osteospermum hyoseroides
Osteospermum imbricatum
Osteospermum jucundum (E.Phillips) Norl. — South African daisy (now a synonym of Dimorphotheca jucunda E.Phillips)
Osteospermum microphyllum
Osteospermum monocephalum (Oliv. & Hiern) Norl.
Osteospermum muricatum E.Mey. ex DC.
Osteospermum oppositifolium — (synonym of Tripteris oppositifolia)
Osteospermum pinnatum
Osteospermum polygaloides
Osteospermum potbergense A.R.Wood & B.Nord.
Osteospermum rigidum
Osteospermum rotundifolium
Osteospermum sinuatum (DC.) Norl. — (synonym of Tripteris sinuata)
Osteospermum spinescens
Osteospermum subulatum DC.
Osteospermum tomentosum (L.f.) B.Nord.
Osteospermum triquetrum L.f.
Osteospermum vaillantii (Decne.) Norl.

A phylogenetic study has revealed that several changes had to be made to this genus:

Osteospermum section Blaxium belongs in the genus Dimorphotheca
the subgenus Tripteris had to be separated from Osteospermum
the genus Oligocarpus has to be separated from Osteospermum
Osteospermum sanctae-helenae, endemic to St. Helena, belongs to Oligocarpus.

New species are still being discovered, such as O. australe, O. burttianum and O. potbergense.
Distribution

There are about 70 species native to southern and eastern Africa and the Arabian peninsula.[4]
Cultivation

Osteospermum are popular in cultivation, where they are frequently used in summer bedding schemes in parks and gardens. Numerous hybrids and cultivars have been grown with a wide range of tropical colors. Yellow cultivars tend to have a yellow center (sometimes off-white).

Plants prefer a warm and sunny position and rich soil, although they tolerate poor soil, salt or drought well. Modern cultivars flower continuously when watered and fertilised well, and dead-heading is not necessary, because they do not set seed easily. If planted in a container, soil should be prevented from drying out completely. If they do, the plants will go into "sleep mode" and survive the period of drought, but they will abort their flower buds and not easily come back into flower. Moreover, roots are relatively susceptible to rotting if watered too profusely after the dry period.
Cultivars

Most widely sold cultivars are grown as annuals, are mainly hybrids of O. jucundum, O. ecklonis and O. grandiflorum and can be hardy to -2 °C (30 °F). If hardy, they can be grown as perennials or as shrubs.

Cultivars (those marked agm have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit):[5]
'White Spoon'

'Acapulco'
'African Queen'
'Apricot'
'Biera'
'Big Pink'
‘Blackthorn Seedling’ agm[6]
'Bodegas Pink'
'Buttermilk' agm[7]
'Chris Brickell'
'Duet'
'Giles Gilbey'
'Hopleys’ agm[8]
'Ice White'
'Langtrees agm[9]
’Lady Leitrim’ agm[10]
'Lilac Spoon'
'Marbella'
'Merriments Joy'
'Nairobi Purple'
O. jucundum agm[11]
'Passion Mix'
'Pink'
'Pink Beauty'
'Pink Whirls' agm[12]
'Silver Sparkler' agm[13]
'Soprano'
'Starshine'
'Springstar Gemma'
'Sunkist'
'Weetwood' [14]
'White Pim' agm[15]
'White Spoon'
'White Whirls'
'Whirlygig'

References

"Osteospermum". Oxford Dictionaries UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. n.d. Retrieved 2016-01-22.
Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
"Osteospermum". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
"Osteospermum L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2020-07-19.
"AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 70. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
"RHS Plantfinder - Osteospermum 'Blackthorn Seedling'". Retrieved 14 April 2018.
"RHS Plant Selector - Osteospermum 'Buttermilk'". Retrieved 16 January 2021.
"RHS Plant Selector - Osteospermum 'Hopleys'". Retrieved 16 January 2021.
"RHS Plant Selector - Osteospermum jucundum 'Langtrees'". Retrieved 28 June 2013.
"RHS Plantfinder - Osteospermum 'Lady Leitrim'". Retrieved 14 April 2018.
"Osteospermum jucundum". RHS. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
"RHS Plant Selector - Osteospermum 'Pink Whirls'". Retrieved 16 January 2021.
"RHS Plantfinder - Osteospermum 'Silver Sparkler'". Retrieved 14 April 2018.
"Osteospermum 'Weetwood'". RHS. Retrieved 18 January 2021.

"RHS Plant Selector - Osteospermum 'White Pim'". Retrieved 16 January 2021.