Hesperis

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids II
Ordo: Brassicales

Familia: Brassicaceae
Tribus: Hesperideae
Genus: Hesperis
Sectiones: H. sect. Contorta – H. sect. Cvelevia – H. sect. Delicatae – H. sect. Diaplictos – H. sect. Hesperis – H. sect. Mediterranea – H. sect. Pachycarpos
Species

H. anatolica – H. armena – H. aspera – H. balansae – H. bicuspidata – H. blakelockii – H. boissieriana – H. borbasii – H. bottae – H. breviscapa – H. burdurensis – H. buschiana – H. cilicica – H. ciscaucasica – H. dinarica – H. dvorakii – H. hamzaoglui – H. hedgei – H. hirsutissima – H. hyrcana – H. inodora – H. isatidea – H. kitiana – H. kotschyi – H. kuerschneri – H. laciniata – H. luristanica – H. matronalis – H. microcalyx – H. muglensis – H. nivalis – H. novakii – H. odorata – H. ozcelikii – H. pendula – H. persica – H. pisidica – H. podocarpa – H. pseudocinerea – H. pycnotricha – H. robusta – H. scabrida – H. schischkinii – H. sibirica – H. steveniana – H. straussii – H. sylvestris – H. syriaca – H. theophrasti – H. thyrsoidea – H. tosyaensis – H. tristis – H. turkmendagensis – H. zaferi

Name

Hesperis L. Sp. Pl. 1: 663 (1753).

Type species: H. matronalis L. (1753)

Synonyms

Homotypic
Antoniana Bubani, Fl. Pyrenaea 3: 170. 1901, nom. illeg. non Tussac (1818)
Heterotypic
Deilosma (DC.) Andrz. ex Bess., Enum. Pl. 2: 82 (1822).
Type species: non design.
Deilosma Spach, Hist. Nat. Vég. Phan. 6: 397. 1838, nom. illeg. non Bess. (1821)
Type species: D. tristis (L.) Spach
Tchihatchewia Boiss. in P.A. Tchichatscheff, Asie Min., Bot. 1: 292 (1860).
Kladnia Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 53 (1866).
Type species: K. tristis Schur
Sperihedium V.I.Dorof., Konspekt Fl. Vost. Evr. 1: 379 (2012).
Type species: S. triste (L.) V.I.Dorof.

Note: The traditional sectional circumscription above was fundamentally questioned by Farouji et al. (2018), but as yet there is no taxonomic replacement.
References
Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus II: 663. Reference page. 

Additional references

Cullen, J. 1965. Hesperis. Pp. 452–460 in Davis, P.H. (ed.), Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 1 (Pteridophyta to Polygalaceae). Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 567 pp. Reference page. 
Davis, P.H., Mill, R.R. & Tan, K. (eds.) 1988. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 10 (Supplement). Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, xxi + 590 pp., ISBN 0-85224-559-9. Reference page. 

Dimopoulos, P., Raus, Th., Bergmeier, E., Constantinidis, Th., Iatroú, G., Kokkini, S., Strid, A. & Tzanoudakis, D. 2013. Vascular Plants of Greece: An Annotated Checklist. Englera 31: 1–368. JSTOR PDF Reference page. 
Duran, A. & Çetin, Ö. 2016. New species and a synonym of the genus Hesperis (Brassicaceae) from Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany 40(1): 87–96. DOI: 10.3906/bot-1407-71 Open access. Reference page. 
Duran, A. & Ocak, A., 2005. Hesperis turkmendaghensis (sect. Hesperis) (Cruciferae/Brassicaceae), a new species from the Central Anatolia region, Turkey. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 147(2): 239–247. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2005.00364.xOpen access Reference page. 
Duran, A. 2008. Two New Species With Pendulous Fruits in Hesperis (Brassicaceae) from South Anatolia, Turkey. Novon 18(4): 453-463. DOI: 10.3417/2006175, JSTOR Hybrid open access journal. ResearchGate Open access. BHL. Reference page. 
Duran, A. 2009. Hesperis ozcelikii (Brassicaceae), a New Species from Turkey. Annales Botanici Fennici 46(6): 577–584. DOI: 10.5735/085.046.0613 Paywall JSTOR ResearchGate. Reference page. 
Duran, A. 2016. A taxonomic update of the genus Hesperis in Turkey. 5th International Conference on Agriculture, Environment and Biological Sciences (ICAEBS-16), Pattaya, Thailand, pp. 26–29. ResearchGate . Reference page. 
Duran, A., Ünal, F., Pınar, N.M. & Çetin, Ö. 2011. Morphological, palynological, seed-coat surface and Karyological studies of Hesperis bicuspidata and H. stellata (Cruciferae) from Turkey. Nordic Journal of Botany 29: 641-651. DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-1051.2011.00997.x Paywall. Reference page. 
Dvořák, F. 1966. Hesperis luristanica Dvořák sp. nova. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 69: 29 –33. PDF. JSTOR Hybrid open access journal.Reference page. 
Dvořák, F. 1968. Contributions to the Flora of Iraq: VI: New Taxa in Hesperis L. (Cruciferae). Kew Bulletin 21(3), 459-461. DOI: 10.2307/4107927 Hybrid open access journal. Reference page. 
Farouji, A.M., Khodayari, H., Assadi, M., Özüdoğru, B., Çetin, Ö., Mummenhoff, K. & Bhattacharya, S. 2018. Numerical taxonomy contributes to delimitation of Iranian and Turkish Hesperis L. (Brassicaceae) species. Phytotaxa 367(2): 101–119. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.367.2.1 Paywall. ResearchGate Open access. Reference page. 
Rechinger, K.H. 1968. Hesperis. Pp. 266–274 in Hedge, I.C. & Rechinger, K.H., Cruciferae. In: Rechinger, K.H. (ed.) Flora Iranica. Vol. 57. 372 pp., 36 tab., Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt Graz.Reference page. 
German, D.A. & Al-Shehbaz, I.A. 2018. A reconsideration of Pseudofortuynia and Tchihatchewia as synonyms of Sisymbrium and Hesperis, respectively (Brassicaceae). Phytotaxa 334(1): 95–98. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.334.1.17 PDF from Research Gate Reference page. 
German, D.A. 2012. Taxonomical confusions in the Cruciferae of North and Central Asia. III. Hesperis flava and Hesperis rupestris. Turczaninowia 15(4): 9–18. [In Russian]. PDF. Reference page. 
Greuter, W., Burdet, H.M. & Long, G. (eds.) 1986. Med-Checklist. A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-mediterranean countries. Vol. 3: Dicotyledones (Convolvulaceae – Labiatae). cxxix + 395 pp., Conservatoire et Jardin Botanique, Genève, ISBN 2-8277-0153-7. Online version. Reference page. 
Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M. & Babaç, M.T. (eds.) 2012. Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler). Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını. İstanbul. ISBN 978-605-60425-7-7. Online edition. Reference page. 
Özhatay, N., Kültür, Ş. & Gürdal, B. 2011. Check-list of additional taxa to the supplement Flora of Turkey V. Turkish Journal of Botany 35(5): 589–624. DOI: 10.3906/bot-1101-20 Reference page. 
Parolly, G. & Tan, K. 2006. A new species of Hesperis (Brassicaceae) from SW Anatolia, Turkey. Willdenowia 36(2): 851–856. DOI: 10.3372/wi.36.36215Open access Reference page. 
Shuka, L. & Tan, K. 2013. New records for Albania based on taxa from the Prespa National Park. Biodiversity Data Journal 1: e1014. DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.1.e1014 Reference page. 
Tutin, T.G., Burges, N.A., Chater, A.O., Edmondson, J.R., Heywood, V.H., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (eds.) 1993. Flora Europaea. Volume 1: Psilotaceae to Platanaceae. 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK) / New York / Melbourne, xlvi + 581 pp., ISBN 0-521-41007-X. Reference page. 

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2019. Hesperis in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2019 Dec. 17. Reference page. 
Koch, M.A. et al. 2019. Hesperis in BrassiBase Tools and biological resources to study characters and traits in the Brassicaceae. Published online. Accessed: 2019 Jun 04.
International Plant Names Index. 2019. Hesperis. Published online. Accessed: Jun 04 2019.
Tropicos.org 2019. Hesperis. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 04 Jun 2019.

Vernacular names
беларуская: Вячорніца
български: Вечерница
čeština: večernice
Deutsch: Nachtviolen
English: Dame's Rocket
suomi: Illakot
հայերեն: Երեկօրնիկ
ქართული: ღამის ია
қазақша: Ымыртгүл
lietuvių: Vakarutė
polski: Wieczornik
русский: Вечерница
slovenčina: večernica
svenska: Hesperissläktet
Türkçe: Akşamyıldızı
中文: 香花芥属

Hesperis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae. Most are native to Eurasia, with several endemic to Greece & Turkey. Many plants of this genus bear showy, fragrant flowers in shades of purple and white. One of the more widely known species is the common garden flower Hesperis matronalis. The genus name Hesperis was probably given because the scent of the flowers becomes more conspicuous towards evening (Hespera is the Greek word for evening).[1]

Species include:[2][3][4]

Hesperis anatolica
Hesperis armena
Hesperis aspera
Hesperis balansae
Hesperis bicuspidata
Hesperis bottae
Hesperis dinarica
Hesperis kitiana
Hesperis kotschyana
Hesperis hyrcana
Hesperis laciniata
Hesperis matronalis
Hesperis pendula
Hesperis persica
Hesperis pisidica
Hesperis podocarpa
Hesperis rupestris
Hesperis scabrida
Hesperis schischkinii
Hesperis sibirica
Hesperis slovaca
Hesperis trullata
Hesperis turkmendagensis
Hesperis varolii

Classical Literature Sources

Classical literature source for the plant Hesperis:

Pliny, Natural History 21. 18 ff (trans. Bostock & Riley) (Roman historian C1st AD)
References

Britton, N. F.; Brown, Addison (1970). An illustrated flora of the northern United States and Canada: from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102d meridian. New York: Dover Publications. pp. 175. ISBN 978-0-486-22643-9.
Duran, A., et al. (2008). Chromosome numbers in the (sic) some taxa of Hesperis L. (Brassicaceae) from Turkey.[dead link] Intl J Nat Eng Sci 2:1 53-56.
"GRIN Species List". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
Turkish Plants Species List Archived October 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine