Cistus salviifolius

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids II
Ordo: Malvales

Familia: Cistaceae
Genus: Cistus
Subgenus: C. subg. Leucocistus
Sectio: C. sect. Ledonia
Species: Cistus salviifolius
Name

Cistus salviifolius L., Sp. Pl. 1: 524 (1753) (as “C. salvifolia”).

Ind. loc.: “Habitat in Italia, Sicilia, Narbona.”
Lectotypus: Herb. Burser, XXIV: 54, the fragment on the left side of the sheet (UPS), designated by Ferrer-Gallego et al., Taxon 62: 1048 (2013).

Synonyms

Homotypic
Cistus salviaefolius L., orth. var., Cistus salvifolius L., orth. var.
Ledonia peduncularis Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 2, 6: 369 (1836), nom. nov., nom. illeg.
Ledonia peduncularis var. salviifolia (L.) Spach, Hist. Nat. Vég. 6: 73 (1838), nom. superfl.
Heterotypic
Cistus albereensis Gaut. ex Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 2: 268 (1895), pro hybr. (orth. var.: “Cistus albeerensis”)
Cistus albereensis var. microphylloides Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 2: 268 (1895), pp. pro hybr.
Cistus cupanianus C.Presl, Fl. Sicul. 117 (1826).
Cistus cupanianus C.Presl ex Spreng., Syst. Veg., ed. 6, 4(2): 206 (1825).
Cistus gautieri Foucaud & Rouy, Fl. France 2: 268 (1895), pro hybr.
Cistus humilis (Jord. & Fourr.) Timb.-Lagr., Rev. Bot. Bull. Mens., 10: 70 (1892), nom. illeg. non Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 368 (1796).
Cistus macrocalyx Sennen & Pau, Bull. Géogr. Bot. 21: 105 (1911), pro hybrid.
Cistus paui Sennen, Monde Pl. 32(192): 38 (1931), nom. illeg.
Cistus salomonis Sennen & Malag., Monde Pl. 32(192): 39 (1931), pro hybrid.
Cistus salviifolius [1] brevipedunculatus Willk., Icon. Descr. Pl. Nov. 2: 38, tab. 91 fig. 1 (1858).
Cistus salviifolius [2] longipedunculatus Willk., Icon. Descr. Pl. Nov. 2: 38, tab. 91 fig. 2 (1858).
Cistus salviifolius a vulgaris Willk., Icon. Descr. Pl. Nov. 2: 38, tab. 91 figs. 1 & 200 (1858).
Cistus salviifolius ß macrocalyx Willk., Icon. Descr. Pl. Nov. 2: 38, [tab. 92 fig. 1 (1858).
Cistus salviifolius d biflorus Willk., Icon. Descr. Pl. Nov. 2: 38, tab. 92 fig. 2 (1858).
Cistus salviifolius e cymosus Willk., Icon. Descr. Pl. Nov. 2: 39, tab. 92 fig. 3 (1858).
Cistus salviifolius ? grandifolius Willk., Icon. Descr. Pl. Nov. 2: 38, tab. 91 fig. 3 (1858).
Cistus salviifolius proles apricus (Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 2: 267 (1895).
Cistus salviifolius proles arrigens (Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 2: 267 (1895).
Cistus salviifolius proles elegans (Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 2: 267 (1895).
Cistus salviifolius proles fruticans (Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 2: 267 (1895).
Cistus salviifolius proles platyphyllus (Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 2: 266 (1895).
Cistus salviifolius proles rhodanensis (Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 2: 267 (1895).
Cistus salviifolius proles velutinus (Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 2: 266 (1895).
Cistus salviifolius var. corbariensis Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 2: 267 (1895).
Cistus salviifolius var. elegans (Jord. & Fourr.) P.Fourn., Quatre Fl. France 439 (1936).
Cistus salviifolius var. fissipetalus Sennen, Monde Pl. 32(192): 38 (1931).
Cistus salviifolius var. flavescens Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 2: 267 (1895).
Cistus salviifolius var. grandifolius Willk., Icon. Descr. Pl. Nov. 2: 38, tab. 91 fig. 3 (1858).
Cistus salviifolius var. microphyllus (Jord. & Fourr.) P.Fourn., Quatre Fl. France 439 (1936).
Cistus salviifolius var. occidentalis Rouy & Foucaud, Fl. France 2: 266 (1895).
Cistus salviifolius var. rhodensis Fiori, Ann. Reale Ist. Super. Forest. 9: 18 (1924).
Cistus salviifolius var. rierae Sennen, Monde Pl. 32(192): 38 (1931).
Cistus salviifolius var. schizocalyx Sennen, Monde Pl. 32(192): 38 (1931).
Ledonia aprica Jord. & Fourr., Brev. Pl. Nov., 2: 18 (1868).
Ledonia arrigens Jord. & Fourr., Brev. Pl. Nov., 2: 17 (1868).
Ledonia fruticans Jord. & Fourr., Brev. Pl. Nov., 2: 18 (1868).
Ledonia humilis Jord. & Fourr., Brev. Pl. Nov., 2: 17 (1868).
Ledonia microphylla Jord. & Fourr., Brev. Pl. Nov., 2: 17 (1868).
Ledonia platyphylla Jord. & Fourr., Brev. Pl. Nov., 2: 18 (1868).
Ledonia rhodanensis Jord. & Fourr., Brev. Pl. Nov., 2: 16 (1868).
Ledonia velutina Jord. & Fourr., Brev. Pl. Nov., 2: 18 (1868).

Hybrids

C. × akamantis – C. × cebennensis – C. × dubius – C. × florentinus – C. × hybridus – C. × mictocymosus – C. × neyrautii – C. × obtusifolius – C. × pauranthus – C. × reghaiensis – C. × timbalii – C. × verguinii
Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Europe
Regional: Middle Europe
Switzerland.
Regional: Southwestern Europe
Baleares, Corse, France, Portugal, Sardegna, Spain.
Regional: Southeastern Europe
Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Kriti, Sicilia (Sicily, Malta), Turkey-in-Europe, Yugoslavia.
Continental: Africa
Regional: North Africa
Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia.
Continental: Asia-Temperate
Regional: Caucasus
Transcaucasia.
Regional: Western Asia
Cyprus, East Aegean Islands, Iran, Lebanon-Syria (Lebanon, Syria), Palestine (Israel, Jordan), Turkey.
Continental: Australasia
Regional: Australia
New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory, Victoria (naturalized).
Continental: Northern America
Regional: Southwestern U.S.A.
California (naturalized).

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus I: 524. Reference page.

Additional references

Demoly, J.-P. & Montserrat, P. 1993. Cistus. In: Castroviejo, S. & al. (eds.). Flora Ibérica, Plantas Vasculares de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares, Vol. III. Plumbaginaceae (partim) – Capparaceae. Real Jardín Botánico, C.S.I.C., Madrid, ISBN 84-00-07375-4, pp. 319–337 (!327–328) (PDF). Reference page.
Demoly, J.-P. 1996. Les hybrides binaires rares du genre Cistus L. (Cistaceae). Anales del Jardin Botánico de Madrid 54(1): 241–254. PDF. Reference page.
Ferrer Gallego, P.P., Laguna Lumbreras, E. & Crespo, M.B. 2013. Typification of six Linnaean names in Cistus L. (Cistaceae). Taxon 62(5): 1046–1049. DOI: 10.12705/625.6. Reference page.
Greuter, W., Burdet, H.M. & Long, G. (eds.) 1984. Med-Checklist. A critical inventory of vascular plants of the circum-mediterranean countries. Vol. 1: Pteridophyta (ed. 2), Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones (Acanthaceae – Cneoraceae). c + 330 pp., Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques, Genève 1984. ISBN 2-8277-0151-0. Online version. Reference page. , p. 316 (Cistus salviifolius).
Juzepczuk, S.V. 1949. Cistus. Pp. 328 in Komarov, V.L.†, Schischkin, B.K. & Bobrov, E.G. (eds.), Flora URSS (Flora Unionis Rerumpublicarum Sovieticarum Socialisticarum) XV: Malvales, Parietales, Myrtiflorae. [Tiliaceae – Cynomoriaceae] [in Russian]. xxvi + 742 pp., Academia Scientiarum URSS, Mosqua, Leningrad. DJVU English translation: 565 pp. BHL Reference page.
Zohary, M., Heyn, C.C. & Heller, D. 1983. Conspectus Florae Orientalis. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of the Middle East. Fascicle 2, Geraniales – Myrtiflorae. 86 pp., The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem, ISBN 965-208-057-8. Reference page. (!66)

Links

Australian Plant Name Index (APNI) Cistus salviifolius Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian National Botanic Gardens & Australian National Herbarium. Accessed: 2015 Jun 22.
USDA NRCS PLANTS Profile

Vernacular names
català: Estepa borrera
čeština: cist šalvějolistý
Deutsch: Salbeiblättrige Zistrose

Ελληνικά, Κυπριακά : Κίστος ο φασκομηλόφυλλος, Ξισταρκά

español: Jaguarzo morisco
suomi: Salviakistus
galego: Carpaza moura
italiano: Cisto femmina
português: Saganho-mouro
sardu: Murdegu burdu
Türkçe: Adaçayı yapraklı laden

Cistus salviifolius, common names sage-leaved rock-rose,[1] salvia cistus[2] or Gallipoli rose, is a shrub of the family Cistaceae.

Etymology

The genus name Cistus derives from the Ancient Greek words κίσθος (kisthos) meaning basket, while the species name salviifolius refers the wrinkled leaves similar to those of the sage.[3]
Description

Cistus salviifolius has spreading stems covered by clumpy hairs. This bushy shrub reaches on average 30–60 centimetres (12–24 in) in height, with a maximum of 100 centimetres (39 in). The oval-shaped green leaves are 1 to 4 centimeters long, opposite, reticulate, tomentose on both sides, with a short petiole (2–4 mm).[4]

The inflorescence holds one or more round flowers, long-stalked, arranged at the leaf axils. The five white petals have a yellow spot at the base, forming a corolla 4–6 cm in diameter. The stamens are also yellow and the anthers shed abundant yellow pollen. This plant is pollinated by insects (entomophily), especially by bees. The flowering period extends from April through May. The fruit is a pentagonal capsule, 5–7 mm long.[4]
Phylogeny

Cistus salviifolius belongs to the white and whitish pink flowered clade of Cistus species.
Species-level cladogram of Cistus species.
 

.

Halimium spp.             PPC           Cistus crispus                     Cistus asper         Cistus chinamadensis         Cistus horrens         Cistus ocreatus         Cistus osbeckiifolius         Cistus palmensis         Cistus symphytifolius                 Cistus heterophyllus               Cistus albidus         Cistus creticus                   Halimium spp.         WWPC                 Cistus clusii         Cistus munbyi                 Cistus inflatus         Cistus ladanifer         Cistus laurifolius         Cistus libanotis         Cistus monspeliensis         Cistus parviflorus         Cistus populifolius         Cistus pouzolzii         Cistus salviifolius         Cistus sintenisii             Purple   Pink   Clade   White   Whitish Pink   Clade

Species-level cladogram of Cistus species, based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences.[5][6][7][8]

Cultivation

Cistus salviifolius cultivated in the nursery industry, and grown in gardens and public landscapes, often for its drought-tolerant and pollinator habitat attributes.
Distribution

This showy wildflower is native to the Mediterranean region, in southern Europe[4] and parts of Western Asia and North Africa.
Habitat

This plant prefers dry hills, scrubland and open woodlands, at an altitude of 0–1,200 metres (0–3,937 ft) above sea level.[4] It regrows very quickly following a fire.
Synonyms

Cistus macrocalyx Sennen & Pau
Cistus paui Sennen
Cistus salomonis Sennen & Malag.
Cistus salviifolius [β] macrocalyx Willk.
Cistus salviifolius [1] brevipedunculatus Willk.
Cistus salviifolius [2] longipedunculatus Willk.
Cistus salviifolius [alfa] vulgaris Willk.
Cistus salviifolius [delta] biflorus Willk.
Cistus salviifolius [epsilon] cymosus Willk.

Cistus salviifolius [gamma] grandifolius Willk.
Cistus salviifolius var. fissipetalus Sennen
Cistus salviifolius var. occidentalis Rouy & Foucaud
Cistus salviifolius var. rierae Sennen
Cistus salviifolius var. schizocalyx Sennen
Cistus salviifolius L.
Ledonia peduncularis var. salviifolia (L.) Spach
Ledonia peduncularis Spach[9]

Other synonyms reported by The Plant List include:

Cistus apricus Timb.-Lagr.
Cistus arrigens Timb.-Lagr.
Cistus elegans Timb.-Lagr.[10]
Cistus fruticans Timb.-Lagr.
Cistus humilis Timb.-Lagr.
Cistus microphyllus Timb.-Lagr.
Cistus platyphyllus Timb.-Lagr.
Cistus rhodanensis Timb.-Lagr.
Cistus sideritis C.Presl
Cistus velutinus Timb.-Lagr.

Chemistry

Cistus salviifolius contains flavan-3ols, oligomeric proanthocyanidins[11] and prodelphinidins such as epigallocatechin-3-O-(4-hydroxybenzoate), epigallocatechin-(4β→8)-epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin -3-O-gallate-(4β→8)-epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin-(4β→6)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, 1-O-β-d -(6′-O-galloyl)-glucopyranosyl-3-methoxy-5-hydroxybenzene, epigallocatechin-(4β→8)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, 1-O-β-d- glucopyranosyl-3-methoxy-5-hydroxybenzene and rhododendrin (betuloside).[12] It also contains ellagitannins of the punicalagin type.[13]
References

BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Cistus salviifolius". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
Acta Plantarum
Pignatti S. - Flora d'Italia – Edagricole – 1982. Vol. II, pag. 122.
Guzmán, B. & Vargas, P. (2005). "Systematics, character evolution, and biogeography of Cistus L. (Cistaceae) based on ITS, trnL-trnF, and matK sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 (3): 644–660. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.026. PMID 16055353.
Guzmán, B. & Vargas, P. (2009). "Historical biogeography and character evolution of Cistaceae (Malvales) based on analysis of plastid rbcL and trnL-trnF sequences". Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 9 (2): 83–99. doi:10.1016/j.ode.2009.01.001.
Guzman, B.; Lledo, M.D. & Vargas, P. (2009). "Adaptive Radiation in Mediterranean Cistus (Cistaceae)". PLOS ONE. 4 (7): e6362. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.6362G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006362. PMC 2719431. PMID 19668338.
Civeyrel, Laure; Leclercq, Julie; Demoly, Jean-Pierre; Agnan, Yannick; Quèbre, Nicolas; Pélissier, Céline & Otto, Thierry (2011). "Molecular systematics, character evolution, and pollen morphology of Cistus and Halimium (Cistaceae)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 295 (1–4): 23–54. doi:10.1007/s00606-011-0458-7. S2CID 21995828.
Synonyms in Anthos
Timb.-Lagr. Rev. Bot. Bull. Mens. 10: 70 1892
Antioxidant oligomeric proanthocyanidins from Cistus salvifolius. Fadi Qa’dan, Frank Petereit, Kenza Mansoor and Adolf Nahrstedt, Natural Product Research, Volume 20, Issue 13, 2006, pages 1216-1224, doi:10.1080/14786410600899225
Flavan-3-ols, prodelphinidins and further polyphenols from Cistus salvifolius. Andreas Danne, Frank Petereit and Adolf Nahrstedt, Phytochemistry, 37, (2), 1994, Pages 533–538, doi:10.1016/0031-9422(94)85094-1
Simultaneous LC-DAD and LC-MS Determination of Ellagitannins, Flavonoid Glycosides, and Acyl-Glycosyl Flavonoids in Cistus salvifolius L. Leaves. E. Saracini, M. Tattini, M. L. Traversi, F. F. Vincieri and P. Pinelli, Chromatographia, Volume 62, Numbers 5-6, pages 245-249, doi:10.1365/s10337-005-0623-7