Carex firma

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Cladus: Commelinids
Ordo: Poales

Familia: Cyperaceae
Subfamilia: Cyperoideae
Tribus: Cariceae
Genus: Carex
Species: Carex firma
Name

Carex firma Host, Syn. Pl.: 509 (1797).

Synonyms

Homotypic
Carex sempervirens subsp. firma (Host) Bonnier & Layens, Tabl. Syn. Pl. Vasc. France: 337 (1894).
Carex ferruginea var. firma (Host) Bolzon, Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s., 21: 173 (1914).
Heterotypic
Carex firma var. rhizogyna Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 6: 116 (1830).
Carex strigosa Suter ex Boott, Ill. Gen. Carex 4: 208 (1867), nom. illeg.
Carex firma var. longipedunculata Hausskn., Mitth. Thüring. Bot. Vereins, n.f., 7: 17 (1895).
Carex firma f. longipedunculata (Hausskn.) Kük. in H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 20(38): 567 (1909).

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Europe
Regional: Middle Europe
Austria, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Romania, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Host, N.T. 1797. Synopsis Plantarum in Austria provinciisque 509.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2020. Carex firma in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2020 Jan 18. Reference page. 
International Plant Names Index. 2020. Carex firma. Published online. Accessed: Jan 18 2020.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2020. Carex firma in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2020 Jan 18. Reference page. 
Tropicos.org 2020. Carex firma. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 18 Jan 2020.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Carex firma in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 13 Aug 2006.

Vernacular names
Deutsch: Polster-Segge
polski: Turzyca mocna
русский: Осока крепкая

Carex firma is a species of sedge that grows in the mountains of southern and central Europe.

Description
"Caricetum firmae" community in the Austrian Allgäuer Alpen, including species such as Carex firma, Chamorchis alpina, Dryas octopetala, Gentiana clusii and Primula auricula

Carex firma forms thick cushions. Its leaves are up to 8 centimetres (3.1 in) long in normal conditions (up to 10 cm or 4 in in moist, sheltered localities), dark green and stiff.[1] The stems are up to 20 cm (7.9 in) tall (exceptionally 30 cm or 12 in), but always at least twice as long as the leaves.[1]
Ecology

In synecology, Carex firma is a characteristic part of the "Caricetum firmae" (also called "Firmetum"), which is an important community in the alpine zone over calcareous rock.[2]

Carex firma can survive temperatures as low as −50 °C (−58 °F).[3]
Taxonomy

Carex firma was first described by Nicolaus Thomas Host in 1797, in his work Synopsis Plantarum in Austria provinciisque adjacentibus sponte crescentium.[4]
References

M. A. Fischer, W. Adler & K. Oswald (2005). "Segge, Riedgras / Carex (inkl. Vignea)". Exkursionsflora für Österreich, Liechtenstein und Südtirol (in German) (2nd ed.). Land Oberösterreich, Biologiezentrum des OÖ Landesmuseum, Linz. pp. 1093–1119. ISBN 3-85474-140-5.
M. A. Fischer, W. Adler & K. Oswald (2005). "Standorts- und Vegetationsökologie". Exkursionsflora für Österreich, Liechtenstein und Südtirol (in German) (2nd ed.). Land Oberösterreich, Biologiezentrum des OÖ Landesmuseum, Linz. pp. 127–135. ISBN 3-85474-140-5.
Ökke Atıcıa & Barbaros Nalbantoğlu (2003). "Antifreeze proteins in higher plants". Phytochemistry. 64 (7): 1187–1196. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00420-5. PMID 14599516.
Nicolaus Thomas Host (1797). "Carex". Synopsis Plantarum in Austria provinciisque adjacentibus sponte crescentium. Vienna, Austria: Christian Friedrich Wappler. pp. 502–512.