Xanthoparmelia

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Fungi
Subregnum: Dikarya
Divisio: Ascomycota
Subdivisio: Pezizomycotina
Classis: Lecanoromycetes
Subclassis: Lecanoromycetidae
Ordo: Lecanorales

Familia: Parmeliaceae
SubFamilia: Parmelioideae
Genus: Xanthoparmelia
Species: X. abraxas – X. acrita – X. adamantea – X. adlerae – X. adligans – X. adpicta – X. adusta – X. affinis – X. africana – X. afroincerta – X. afrolavicola – X. agamalis – X. aggregata – X. ahtii – X. ajoensis – X. albomaculata – X. alectoronica – X. alexandrensis – X. aliphatica – X. aliphaticella – X. alligatensis – X. almbornii – X. alternata – X. amableana – X. amphixantha – X. amphixanthoides – X. amplexula – X. amplexuloides – X. angustiphylla – X. annexa – X. antleriformis – X. applicata – X. applicatella – X. aranaea – X. arapilensis – X. arcana – X. archeri – X. areolata – X. argentinensis – X. arida – X. aridella – X. arquata – X. arrecta – X. arvidssonii – X. asilaris – X. assimilis – X. astricta – X. atrobarbatica – X. atrocapnodes – X. atroventralis – X. atroviridis – X. attica – X. atticoides – X. auricampa – X. aurifera – X. ausiana – X. australasica – X. australiensis – X. austroalpina – X. austroamericana – X. austrocapensis – X. austroconstrictans – X. azaniensis – X. baeomycesica – X. bainskloofensis – X. ballingalliae – X. ballingalliana – X. barbatica – X. barbellata – X. barklyensis – X. barda – X. barthlottii – X. bartlettii – X. basutoensis – X. beatricea – X. beccae – X. beckeri – X. bellatula – X. benyovszkyana – X. bibax – X. bicolorans – X. bicontinens – X. bihemispherica – X. biloelensis – X. blackdownensis – X. boonahensis – X. botryoides – X. bourgeanica – X. boyaginensis – X. boyeri – X. brachinaensis – X. brandwagensis – X. brattii – X. braziliensis – X. brevilobata – X. brownlieae – X. brunella – X. brunnthaleri – X. brussei – X. buedelii – X. bulfiniana – X. bullabullensis – X. bungendorensis – X. burmeisteri – X. cafferensis – X. calida – X. californica – X. caliginosa – X. callifolioides – X. calvinia – X. canariensis – X. canobolasensis – X. caparidensis – X. capensis – X. capnoexillima – X. catarinae – X. cedri-montana – X. centralis – X. ceresella – X. ceresensis – X. ceresina – X. cerussata – X. chalybaeizans – X. cheelii – X. chionophila – X. chiricahuensis – X. chlorea – X. chlorochroa – X. chudalupensis – X. cirrhomedullosa – X. claviculata – X. clivorum – X. colensoica – X. colensoides – X. coloradoënsis – X. colorata – X. columbariensis – X. commonii – X. competita – X. concolor – X. concomitans – X. condaminensis – X. condyloides – X. coneruptens – X. congensis – X. congesta – X. conglomerata – X. conjuncta – X. conranensis – X. consociata – X. conspersa – X. conspersula – X. constipata – X. contrasta – X. convexa – X. convexula – X. convoluta – X. convolutella – X. convolutoides – X. cordillerana – X. coreana – X. coriacea – X. cotopaxiensis – X. cranfieldii – X. crassilobata – X. cravenii – X. crawfordensis – X. crespoae – X. crustulosa – X. crystallicola – X. cumberlandia – X. curnowiae – X. dapperensis – X. darlingensis – X. dayiana – X. delisei – X. delisiella – X. dentata – X. denudata – X. depsidella – X. desertorum – X. diacida – X. diadeta – X. dibutella – X. dichotoma – X. dierythra – X. diffractaica – X. digitiformis – X. dissensa – X. dissitifolia – X. diutina – X. domboensis – X. domokosii – X. domokosioides – X. donneri – X. dregeana – X. dubitata – X. dubitella – X. duplicata – X. durietzii – X. dwaasbergensis – X. dysprosa – X. echidnaformis – X. echinocarpica – X. effigurata – X. eganii – X. eilifii – X. elaeodes – X. eldridgei – X. elevata – X. elixii – X. emolumenta – X. endochromatica – X. endochrysea – X. endomiltoides – X. enteroxantha – X. epacridea – X. epheboides – X. epigaea – X. equalis – X. erebea – X. erosa – X. eruptens – X. erythrocardia – X. esslingeri – X. esterhuyseniae – X. everardensis – X. evernica – X. ewersii – X. examplaris – X. exillima – X. exornata – X. exuviata – X. fangii – X. farinosa – X. fausta – X. felkaensis – X. ferraroiana – X. ferruma – X. festiva – X. filarszkyana – X. filsonii – X. fissurina – X. flavescentireagens – X. flindersiana – X. follmannii – X. formosana – X. foveolata – X. fracticollis – X. franklinensis – X. freycinetiana – X. frondosa – X. fucina – X. fumarafricana – X. fumarprotocetrarica – X. fumigata – X. furcata – X. fynbosiana – X. ganymedea – X. geesterani – X. gemmulifera – X. gerhardii – X. gerlachei – X. glabrans – X. glareosa – X. globisidiosa – X. globulifera – X. glomelliferonica – X. glomerulata – X. gongylodes – X. graniticola – X. granulata – X. gregaria – X. greytonensis – X. gyrophorica – X. hafellneri – X. halei – X. harrisii – X. hedbergii – X. heinarii – X. hensseniae – X. heterodoxa – X. hirosakiensis – X. hondensis – X. hottentotta – X. huachucensis – X. hueana – X. huttonii – X. hybrida – X. hybridella – X. hybridiza – X. hypoconstictica – X. hypofusca – X. hypoleia – X. hypoleiella – X. hypomelaena – X. hypomelaenoides – X. hypoprotocetrarica – X. hypopsila – X. hyporhytida – X. hyposalazinica – X. hypostictica – X. hypothamnolica – X. ianthina – X. idahoensis – X. imbricata – X. imitatricoides – X. imitatrix – X. immutata – X. incantata – X. incerta – X. incomposita – X. inconspicua – X. inconspicuella – X. incrustata – X. indumenica – X. infausta – X. inflata – X. infrapallida – X. iniquita – X. inopinata – X. inops – X. inselbergia – X. insipida – X. interrupta – X. inuncta – X. ioannis-simae – X. ischnoides – X. isidiascens – X. isidiigera – X. isidiosa – X. isidiotegeta – X. isidiovagans – X. jarmaniae – X. joranadia – X. juxtata – X. kalbarriensis – X. kalbii – X. karamojae – X. karolinensis – X. karoo – X. karooensis – X. kasachstania – X. kashiwadanii – X. kenyana – X. keralensis – X. khomasiana – X. kiboensis – X. kimberleyensis – X. klauskalbii – X. kleinswartbergensis – X. knoxii – X. knudsenii – X. kondininensis – X. kosciuszkoensis – X. kotisephola – X. krogiae – X. laciniata – X. lagunebergensis – X. lapidula – X. latilobata – X. lavicola – X. laxchalybaeizans – X. laxencrustans – X. lecanoracea – X. lecanorica – X. leonora – X. leppii – X. leptoplaca – X. lesothoensis – X. leucophaea – X. leucostigma – X. lichinoidea – X. lineella – X. lineola – X. lipochlorochroa – X. lithophila – X. lithophiloides – X. lividica – X. lobarica – X. lobulatella – X. lobulifera – X. lobuliferella – X. lopezii – X. loriloba – X. louisii – X. loxodella – X. loxodes – X. lucrosa – X. ludritziana – X. lumbschii – X. luminosa – X. lurida – X. lusitana – X. luteonotata – X. lynii – X. lyrigera – X. maccarthyi – X. maculodecipiens – X. madeirensis – X. magnificans – X. mahuiana – X. malawiensis – X. malcolmii – X. manina – X. mannumensis – X. mapholanengensis – X. marcellii – X. maricopensis – X. maritima – X. marroninipuncta – X. martinii – X. masonii – X. maxima – X. mayrhoferi – X. mbabanensis – X. mehalei – X. melancholica – X. melanobarbatica – X. meruensis – X. mesmerizans – X. metaclystoides – X. metamorphosa – X. metastrigosa – X. mexicana – X. microcephala – X. microlobulata – X. micromaculata – X. microphyllizans – X. micropsoromica – X. microscopica – X. microspora – X. millerae – X. minuta – X. minutella – X. mobergii – X. moctezumensis – X. mollis – X. molliuscula – X. molybdiza – X. monadnockensis – X. monastica – X. mongaensis – X. mongolica – X. montanensis – X. monticola – X. morrisii – X. mougeotii – X. mougeotina – X. mucinae – X. multiacida – X. multipartita – X. murina – X. musculina – X. mutabilis – X. nakuruensis – X. namaënsis – X. namakwa – X. namaquensis – X. namibiensis – X. nana – X. nanoides – X. nashii – X. natalensis – X. naudesnekia – X. nautilomontana – X. nebulosa – X. neochlorochroa – X. neocongensis – X. neocongruens – X. neoconspersa – X. neocumberlandia – X. neodelisei – X. neoesterhuyseniae – X. neoglabrans – X. neokalbii – X. neomongaensis – X. neononreagens – X. neopropaguloides – X. neoquintaria – X. neoreptans – X. neorimalis – X. neosynestia – X. neotaractica – X. neotasmanica – X. neotinctina – X. neotucsonensis – X. neotumidosa – X. neoweberi – X. neowyomingica – X. nepalensis – X. nerrigensis – X. nigraoleosa – X. nigrocephala – X. nigrolavicola – X. nigropsoromifera – X. nigroweberi – X. nimbicola – X. nodulosa – X. nomosa – X. nonreagens – X. norcapnodes – X. norchlorochroa – X. norcolorata – X. norconvoluta – X. norhypopsila – X. norincomposita – X. norlobaridonica – X. norlobaronica – X. norpraegnans – X. norpumila – X. norstrigosa – X. nortegeta – X. norwalteri – X. notata – X. notatica – X. novomexicana – X. numinbahensis – X. nuwarensis – X. oblisata – X. obscurata – X. occidentalis – X. ochropulchra – X. oleosa – X. olifantensis – X. olivetorica – X. olivetoricella – X. orchardii – X. oreophila – X. oribensis – X. orientalis – X. osorioi – X. ovealmbornii – X. oveana – X. pachyclada – X. pantherina – X. papillosa – X. paradoxa – X. paraparmeliformis – X. parasitica – X. paratasmanica – X. parviloba – X. parvoclystoides – X. parvoincerta – X. patagonica – X. patula – X. pedregalensis – X. peloloba – X. peltata – X. perezdepazii – X. perfissa – X. perplexa – X. perrugata – X. perrugosa – X. perspersa – X. pertinax – X. petriseda – X. phaeophana – X. phillipsiana – X. pictada – X. piedmontensis – X. pimbaensis – X. pinguiacida – X. plana – X. planilobata – X. poeltii – X. pokornyi – X. polystictica – X. ponderosa – X. praegnans – X. princeps – X. pristiloba – X. probarbellata – X. proboscidea – X. prodomokosii – X. prolata – X. prolixula – X. protocetrarica – X. protodysprosa – X. protolusitana – X. protomatrae – X. protoquintaria – X. proximata – X. pseudepheboides – X. pseudoamphixantha – X. pseudocafferensis – X. pseudochlorochloroa – X. pseudocongensis – X. pseudoglabrans – X. pseudohungarica – X. pseudohypoleia – X. pseudoloriloba – X. pseudopulla – X. psornorstictica – X. psoromica – X. psoromifera – X. pudens – X. pulla – X. pulloides – X. pulvinaria – X. pulvinaris – X. pumila – X. punctulata – X. purdieae – X. pustulescens – X. pustulifera – X. pustuliza – X. pustulosa – X. pustulosorediata – X. putida – X. putsoa – X. pyrenaica – X. quartzitica – X. quinonella – X. quintaria – X. quintarioides – X. ralla – X. ralstoniana – X. rankinensis – X. remanella – X. remanens – X. remnantia – X. reptans – X. rimalis – X. roderickii – X. rogersii – X. rubrireagens – X. rubromedulla – X. rubropustulata – X. rugulosa – X. rugulosella – X. rupestris – X. ryssolea – X. saginata – X. salamphixantha – X. salazinica – X. saleruptens – X. salkiboensis – X. sammyi – X. saniensis – X. santessonii – X. sargentii – X. saxeti – X. scabrella – X. scabrosa – X. scabrosina – X. scabrosinita – X. schenckiana – X. schistacea – X. schmidtii – X. scitula – X. scotophylla – X. scutariae – X. segregata – X. semiviridis – X. serpulina – X. serusiauxii – X. shebaiensis – X. sigillata – X. simulans – X. sipmanii – X. sitiens – X. skottsbergiana – X. skyrinifera – X. sleei – X. somervilleae – X. sorediata – X. spargenosa – X. spargens – X. spesica – X. spissa – X. spodochroa – X. springbokensis – X. squamans – X. squamariatella – X. squamatica – X. standaertii – X. stanthorpensis – X. stenophylla – X. stenophylloides – X. stenosporonica – X. stenosporonicella – X. streimannii – X. stuartensis – X. stuartioides – X. stygiodes – X. subalpina – X. subamplexuloides – X. subbarbatica – X. subbullata – X. subchalybaeizans – X. subcolorata – X. subconvoluta – X. subcrustacea – X. subcrustosa – X. subcrustulosa – X. subcumberlandia – X. subdecipiens – X. subdiffluens – X. subdistorta – X. suberadicata – X. subflabellata – X. subhosseana – X. subimitatrix – X. subincerta – X. sublaevis – X. sublineola – X. subloxodella – X. subluminosa – X. submougeotii – X. subnuda – X. subochracea – X. subpallida – X. subpigmentosa – X. subplittii – X. subpolyphylloides – X. subprolixa – X. subramigera – X. subruginosa – X. subrugulosa – X. subsorediata – X. subspodochroa – X. subsquamariata – X. substenophylloides – X. substrigosa – X. substygiodes – X. subtaractica – X. subtasmanica – X. subtinctina – X. subtortula – X. subtropica – X. subulcerosa – X. subumbilicata – X. subverrucella – X. subverrucigera – X. subvicariella – X. succedans – X. sulcifera – X. supposita – X. surrogata – X. swartbergensis – X. synestia – X. tablensis – X. tananarivensis – X. taractica – X. tasmanica – X. tatimirix – X. tegeta – X. tenacea – X. tentaculina – X. tenuiloba – X. terrestris – X. terricola – X. teydea – X. thamnoides – X. thamnolica – X. thorstenii – X. tibellii – X. tinctina – X. togashii – X. tolucensis – X. toninioides – X. toolbrunupensis – X. tortula – X. torulosa – X. trachythallina – X. transvaalensis – X. treurensis – X. triebeliae – X. trirosea – X. tropica – X. tsekensis – X. tuberculata – X. tuberculiformis – X. tuckeriana – X. tumidosa – X. tyrrhea – X. tzaneenensis – X. ulcerosa – X. umezuana – X. umtamvuna – X. unctula – X. uruguayensis – X. usitata – X. ustulata – X. vagans – X. valdeta – X. vanderbylii – X. vendensis – X. verdonii – X. verecunda – X. verisidiosa – X. vernicosa – X. verrucella – X. verruciformis – X. verrucigera – X. verruculifera – X. versicolor – X. vicaria – X. vicariella – X. vicentii – X. victoriana – X. villamiliana – X. violacea – X. viridis – X. viriduloumbrina – X. waboombergensis – X. waiporiensis – X. walteri – X. weberi – X. weberiella – X. wesselsii – X. wildeae – X. willisii – X. wirthii – X. wisangerensis – X. worcesteri – X. wrightiana – X. wyomingica – X. xanthofarinosa – X. xanthomelaena – X. xanthomelanella – X. xanthomelanoides – X. xavieri – X. xerica – X. xerophila – X. xizangensis – X. yamblaensis – X. yowaensis – X. zimbabwana – X. zonata
Name

Xanthoparmelia (Vain.) Hale, Phytologia 28(5): 485 (1974). [MycoBank #5805]

Type Species: Xanthoparmelia conspersa (Ehrh. ex Ach.) Hale, Phytologia 28(5): 485 (1974). [MycoBank #343884]

Basionym

Parmelia sect. Xanthoparmelia Vain., Acta Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 7(1): 60 (1890). [MycoBank #700337]

Type Species: Parmelia conspersa (Ehrh. ex Ach.) Ach., Methodus [Stockholmiæ] (2): 205 (1803). [MycoBank #397372]

Heterotypic synonyms

Almbornia Essl., Nordic Journ. Bot. 1(1): 125 (1981). [MycoBank #145]

Type Species: Almbornia cafferensis Essl., Nordic Journ. Bot. 1(1): 125 (1981). [MycoBank #111107]

(≡ Xanthoparmelia ovealmbornii A.Thell, Feuerer, Elix & Kärnefelt, Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. 100: 805 (2006). [MycoBank #546892])

Chondropsis Nyl. ex Cromb., Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. 17: 397 (1879). [MycoBank #1020]

Type Species: Chondropsis semiviridis (F.Muell. ex Nyl.) Nyl. ex Cromb., Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. 17: 397 (1879). [MycoBank #382704]

(≡ Xanthoparmelia semiviridis (F.Muell. ex Nyl.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw. & Lumbsch, Taxon 53(4): 970 (2004). [MycoBank #475554])

Karoowia Hale, Mycotaxon 35(1): 182 (1989). [MycoBank #25313]

Type Species: Karoowia adhaerens (Nyl.) Hale, Mycotaxon 35(1): 182 (1989). [MycoBank #135878]

(= Xanthoparmelia xanthomelana (Müll.Arg.) Hale [as 'xanthomelaena'], Mycotaxon 30: 334 (1987). [MycoBank #659355])

Namakwa Hale, Mycotaxon 32: 169 (1988). [MycoBank #25232]

Type Species: Namakwa exornata (Zahlbr.) Hale, Mycotaxon 32(1): 169 (1988). [MycoBank #133627]

(≡ Xanthoparmelia exornata (Zahlbr.) Brusse & M.D.E.Knox in Knox & Brusse, Journ. S. Afr. Bot. 49(2): 150 (1983). [MycoBank #108631])

Neofuscelia Essl., Mycotaxon 7(1): 49 (1978). [MycoBank #3455]

Type Species: Neofuscelia pulla (Ach.) Essl., Mycotaxon 7(1): 52 (1978). [MycoBank #283809]

(≡ Xanthoparmelia pulla (Ach.) O.Blanco, A.Crespo, Elix, D.Hawksw. & Lumbsch, Taxon 53(4): 970 (2004). [MycoBank #471780])

Omphalodiella Henssen, Lichenologist 23(4): 334 (1991). [MycoBank #25117]

Type Species: Omphalodiella patagonica Henssen, Lichenologist 23(4): 335 (1991). [MycoBank #354985]

(≡ Xanthoparmelia peltata Amo de Paz, Lumbsch & A.Crespo in Amo de Paz et al., Bryologist 113(2): 381 (2010). [MycoBank #622213])

Paraparmelia Elix & J.Johnst. in Elix et al., Mycotaxon 27: 279 (1986). [MycoBank #25062]

Type Species: Paraparmelia scotophylla (Kurok.) Elix & J.Johnst. in Elix et al., Mycotaxon 27: 281 (1986). [MycoBank #128753]

(≡ Xanthoparmelia scotophylla (Kurok.) Elix, Mycotaxon 87: 401 (2003). [MycoBank #488844])

Placoparmelia Henssen, Lichenologist 24(2): 134 (1992). [MycoBank #25422]

Type Species: Placoparmelia patagonica Henssen, Lichenologist 24(2): 134 (1992). [MycoBank #357593]

(≡ Xanthoparmelia patagonica (Henssen) Amo de Paz, Lumbsch & A.Crespo in Amo de Paz et al., Bryologist 113(2): 381 (2010). [MycoBank #622212])

Xanthomaculina Hale, Lichenologist 17(3): 262 (1985). [MycoBank #25741]

Type Species: Xanthomaculina hottentotta (Ach.) Hale, Lichenologist 17(3): 264 (1985). [MycoBank #104865]

(≡ Xanthoparmelia hottentotta (Ach.) A.Thell, Feuerer, Elix & Kärnefelt, Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. 100: 806 (2006). [MycoBank #546895])

References

Amo de Paz, G., Lumbsch, H.T., Cubas, P., Elix, J.A. & Crespo, A. 2010. The morphologically deviating genera Omphalodiella and Placoparmelia belong to Xanthoparmelia (Parmeliaceae). The Bryologist 113(2): 376–386. DOI: 10.1639/0007-2745-113.2.376 Paywall. ResearchGate Open access. Reference page.

Amo de Paz, G., Lumbsch, H.T., Cubas, P., Elix, J.A. & Crespo, A. 2010. The genus Karoowia (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) includes unrelated clades nested within Xanthoparmelia. Australian Systematics Botany 23(3): 173–184. DOI: 10.1071/SB09055 Paywall. ResearchGate Open access. Reference page.

Blanco, O., Crespo, A., Elix, J.A., Hawksworth, D.L. & Lumbsch, H.T. 2004. A molecular phylogeny and a new classification of parmelioid lichens containing Xanthoparmelia-type lichenan (Ascomycota: Lecanorales). Taxon 53(4): 959–975. DOI: 10.2307/4135563 Paywall. ResearchGate Open access. Reference page.

Crombie, J.M. 1879 [1880]. Enumeration of Australian lichens in Herb. Robert Brown (Brit. Mus.), with descriptions of new species. Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany 17: 390–401. BHL Reference page.

Elix, J.A. 2003. The lichen genus Paraparmelia, a synonym of Xanthoparmelia (Ascomycota, Parmeliaceae). Mycotaxon 87: 395–403. CyberLiber (Online) Reference page.

Elix, J.A., Johnston, J. & Verdon, D. 1986. Canoparmelia, Paraparmelia and Relicinopsis, three new genera in the Parmeliaceae (lichenized Ascomycotina). Mycotaxon 27: 271–282. Cyberliber (Online) Reference page.

Esslinger, T.L. 1978. A new status for the brown Parmeliae. Mycotaxon 7(1): 45–54. Cyberliber (Online) RLL (PDF) Reference page.

Esslinger, T.L. 1981. Almbornia, a new lichen genus from South Africa. Nordic Journal of Botany 1(1): 125–127. DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-1051.1981.tb01043.x Paywall. ResearchGate Paywall. RLL (PDF) Reference page.

Hale, M.E., Jr. 1974. Bulbothrix, Parmelina, Relicina and Xanthoparmelia, four new genera in the Parmeliaceae (Lichenes). Phytologia 28(5): 479–490. BHL Reference page.

Hale, M.E., Jr. 1985. Xanthomaculina Hale, a new lichen genus in the Parmeliaceae (Ascomycotina). The Lichenologist 17(3): 255–265. DOI: 10.1017/S0024282985000329 Paywall. Reference page.

Hale, M.E. 1988. Namakwa, a new lichen genus in the Parmeliaceae (Ascomycotina: Parmeliaceae). Mycotaxon 32: 169–174. Cyberliber (Online) Reference page.

Hale, M.E., Jr. 1989. A monograph of the lichen genus Karoowia Hale (Ascomycotina: Parmeliaceae). Mycotaxon 35(1): 177–198. Cyberliber (Online) Reference page.

Hale, M.E., Jr. 1990. A Synopsis of the Lichen Genus Xanthoparmelia (Vainio) Hale (Ascomycotina, Parmeliaceae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 74: 1–250. DOI: 10.5479/si.0081024X.74 Open access. hdl: 10088/6971 Open access. Reference page.

Hawksworth, D.L. & Crespo, A. 2002. Proposal to conserve the name Xanthoparmelia against Chondropsis nom. cons. (Parmeliaceae). Taxon: The Journal of the International Association for Plant Taxonomy 51(4): 807. DOI: 10.2307/1555046 Open access. ResearchGate Paywall. Reference page.

Henssen, A. 1991. Omphalodiella Patagonica, a new peltate lichen genus and species from South America. The Lichenologist 23(4): 333–342. DOI: 10.1017/S002428299100049X Paywall. ResearchGate Paywall. Reference page.

Henssen, A. 1992. Placoparmelia patagonica, a new lichen genus and species from Argentina (Parmeliaceae). The Lichenologist 24(2): 133–142. DOI: 10.1017/S002428290050005X Paywall. ResearchGate Paywall. Reference page.

Thell, A., Feuerer, T., Elix, J.A. & Kärnefelt, I. 2006. A contribution to the phylogeny and taxonomy of Xanthoparmelia (Ascomycota, Parmeliaceae). The Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 100: 797–807. DOI: 10.18968/jhbl.100.0_797 Open access. ResearchGate Paywall. Reference page.

Vainio, E.A. 1890. Étude sur la classification naturelle et la morphologie des Lichens du Brésil. Pars prima. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 7(1): I–XXIX, 1–247. hdl: 10138/16952 Open access. BHL Reference page.

Links

Index Fungorum: IF 5805
MycoBank: MB 5805

Vernacular names
English: golden yellow parmelia lichen, xanthoparmelia lichen
日本語: キクバゴケ属
中文: 黄梅属

Xanthoparmelia (commonly known as green rock shields or rock-shield lichens) is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae.[2][3]: 134  This genus of lichen is commonly found in the United States, South America, southern Africa, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand.

The name means 'golden yellow parmelia'. The photobiont (photosynthetic partner) is Trebouxia (a genus of green algae).
Taxonomy

Xanthoparmelia was originally conceived of as a section of the genus Parmelia by Brazilian lichenologist Edvard August Vainio in 1890, to accommodate yellow species with narrow lobes.[4] Mason Hale considered that the combination of traits including the presence of the cortical pigment usnic acid, and the microscopic structure of the upper cortex were sufficient criteria to segregate Xanthoparmelia from the genus Parmelia. He formally transferred 93 species, including the type, Xanthoparmelia conspersa.[5]

In a 2004 study, molecular analysis was used to help revise the classification of parmelioid lichens containing Xanthoparmelia-type lichenan. This analysis demonstrated that several genera previously segregated from Xanthoparmelia on the basis of physical characteristics did not form distinct clades within Xanthoparmelia, and so Neofuscelia, Chondropsis and Paraparmelia were synonymized with Xanthoparmelia. As a result of this work, 10 new species were published, and 129 new combinations into Xanthoparmelia were proposed.[6] Similarly, three south African genera, Almbornia, Namakwa, and Xanthomaculina, were synonymized with Xanthoparmelia after the limits of the genus were further explored and refined with molecular phylogenetics.[7] Karoowia, a genus that was characterized by features such as its subcrustose growth form and its presence of an arachiform vacuolar body in the ascospores, was synonymised with Xanthoparmelia when it was shown that its species cluster in different clades nested within Xanthoparmelia.[8] The genus Omphalodiella, proposed by Aino Henssen in 1991 to contain the Patagonian species Omphalodiella patagonica,[9] has since been shown to lie within Xanthoparmelia.[10]
Description

Xanthoparmelia consists of lichens that has a thallus ranging from leaf-like (foliose) to almost crust-like (subcrustose) and occasionally almost shrub-like (subfruticose), typically forming large, flat patches that are either loosely or tightly attached to the substrate. The thallus is composed of lobes which may vary from irregular to linear shapes, are often flat or can be twisted or folded (strongly convoluted), and lack hair-like projections (cilia) at the edges, which may be notched or lobed.[11]

The upper surface of the thallus is commonly pale yellow to yellow-green or grey-green, indicative of the presence of usnic acid, a substance common in lichens, or it may be a shade of brown if the lichen lacks usnic acid. This surface often develops irregular cracks and may or may not display patches of soredia (asexual reproductive structures that break away to form new lichens) or isidia (outgrowths that can also lead to new lichens). Lichens in this genus do not have pseudocyphellae, which are small pores on the surface. The upper cortex—the outer layer of the lichen—is composed of vertically aligned hyphae (the filamentous cells of fungi) or tightly packed cells with a pored outer layer (epicortex). These cells contain a specific type of lichen-specific polysaccharide known as Xanthoparmelia-type lichenan. The medulla, or internal layer beneath the cortex, is loosely structured and typically white, although it can be pigmented. The lower surface of the thallus can range from pale ivory to various shades of yellow, tan, brown, or black, and is covered to varying extents with rhizines (root-like structures) that typically do not branch.[11]

The reproductive structures of Xanthoparmelia include ascomata, known as apothecia, which are typically found on the surface of the thallus and may be slightly raised or stalked. The discs of these structures are initially concave but become flatter and distorted with age and are coloured from red-brown to brown or black. The ascospores produced in these structures are small, ellipsoidal, and each contains an arachiform vacuolar body, with eight spores per ascus. Another reproductive feature, conidiomata (pycnidia), are usually found immersed in the thallus and produce spores that are typically two-ended (bifusiform) or cylindrical.[11]

Chemically, the cortex of Xanthoparmelia lichens contains either usnic acid or an unknown brown pigment, while the medulla may contain a variety of chemical compounds including orcinol depsides, orcinol depsidones, β-orcinol depsides, β-orcinol depsidones, anthraquinones, aliphatic acids, and amino acid derivatives.[11]
Species
Main article: List of Xanthoparmelia species

Xanthoparmelia is the largest genus of lichen-forming fungi, with more than 800 accepted species.[12] Species include:

Xanthoparmelia chlorochroa
Xanthoparmelia conspersa (Parmelia conspersa)
Xanthoparmelia cumberlandia
Xanthoparmelia lavicola - a foliose (leaf-like) lichen found on basalt[13]
Xanthoparmelia lineola
Xanthoparmelia maricopensis
Xanthoparmelia mexicana
Xanthoparmelia metastrigosa[14]
Xanthoparmelia mougeotii (Parmelia mougeotii)
Xanthoparmelia nana
Xanthoparmelia pokornyi
Xanthoparmelia subramigera
Xanthoparmelia scabrosa
Xanthoparmelia tinctina

References

"Synonymy: Xanthoparmelia (Vain.) Hale, Phytologia 28(5): 485 (1974)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
Smith HB, Dal Grande F, Muggia L, Keuler R, Divakar PK, Grewe F, Schmitt I, Lumbsch HT, Leavitt SD (2020). "Metagenomic data reveal diverse fungal and algal communities associated with the lichen symbiosis". Symbiosis. 82 (1–2): 133–147. doi:10.1007/s13199-020-00699-4. hdl:11577/3440801.
Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0-300-19500-2
Vainio, E. (1890). Lichens of Brazil. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica (in Latin). Vol. 7. Helsinki: Heredum J. Simelii. p. 60.
Hale, Mason E. (1974). "Bulbothrix, Parmelina, Relicina, Xanthoparmelia, four new genera in the Parmeliaceae (Lichenes)". Phytologia. 28 (5): 479–490.
Blanco, Oscar; Crespo, Ana; Elix, John A.; Hawksworth, David L.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2004). "A molecular phylogeny and a new classification of parmelioid lichens containing Xanthoparmelia-type lichenan (Ascomycota: Lecanorales)". Taxon. 53 (4): 959–975. doi:10.2307/4135563. JSTOR 4135563.
Thell, Arne; Tassilo, Feuerer; Elix, John A.; Kärnefelt, Ingvar (2006). "A contribution to the phylogeny and taxonomy of Xanthoparmelia (Ascomycota, Parmeliaceae)". Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory. 100: 797–807. doi:10.18968/jhbl.100.0_797.
Amo de Paz, Guillermo; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Cubas, Paloma; Elix, John A.; Crespo, Ana (2010). "The genus Karoowia (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) includes unrelated clades nested within Xanthoparmelia". Australian Systematic Botany. 23 (3): 173. doi:10.1071/SB09055.
Henssen, Aino (1991). "Omphalodiella patagonica, a new peltate lichen genus and species from South America". The Lichenologist. 23 (4): 333–342. doi:10.1017/s002428299100049x.
de Paz, Guillermo Amo; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Cubas, Paloma; Elix, John A.; Crespo, Ana (2010). "The morphologically deviating genera Omphalodiella and Placoparmelia belong to Xanthoparmelia (Parmeliaceae)". The Bryologist. 113 (2): 376–386. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-113.2.376.
Cannon, P.; Divakar, P.; Yahr, R.; Aptroot, A.; Clerc, P.; Coppins, B.; Fryday, A.; Sanderson, N.; Simkin, J. (2023). Lecanorales: Parmeliaceae, including the genera Alectoria, Allantoparmelia, Arctoparmelia, Brodoa, Bryoria, Cetraria, Cetrariella, Cetrelia, Cornicularia, Evernia, Flavocetraria, Flavoparmelia, Hypogymnia, Hypotrachyna, Imshaugia, Melanelia, Melanelixia, Melanohalea, Menegazzia, Montanelia, Nesolechia, Parmelia, Parmelina, Parmeliopsis, Parmotrema, Platismatia, Pleurosticta, Protoparmelia, Pseudephebe, Pseudevernia, Punctelia, Raesaenenia, Tuckermannopsis, Usnea, Vulpicida and Xanthoparmelia (PDF). Revisions of British and Irish Lichens. Vol. 33. p. 82.
Leavitt, Steven D.; Kirika, Paul M.; Amo De Paz, Guillermo; Huang, Jen-Pan; Hur, Jae-Seoun; Elix, John A.; Grewe, Felix; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2018). "Assessing phylogeny and historical biogeography of the largest genus of lichen-forming fungi, Xanthoparmelia (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota)". The Lichenologist. 50 (3): 299–312. doi:10.1017/S0024282918000233.
Dobson, Frank S. (2005). Lichens An Illustrated Guide to the British and Irish Species. The Richmond Publishing Co.Ltd. pp. 459–460. ISBN 978-0-85546-095-2.
Hale Jr, M.E. 1984. New species of Xanthoparmelia (Vain.) Hale (Ascomycotina: Parmeliaceae). Mycotaxon. 20(1):73-79