Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Fungi
Subregnum: Mucoromyceta
Divisio: Mucoromycota
Subdivisio: Mucoromycotina
Classis: Mucoromycetes
Ordo: Mucorales
Familia: Rhizopodaceae
Genus: Rhizopus
Species: R. acidus – R. americanus – R. apiculatus – R. arrhizus –R. bankul – R. caespitosus – R. candidus – R. circinans – R. cuprea – R. echinatus – R. elaeospora – R. equinus – R. fructicola – R. hallerianus – R. homothallicus – R. intermedius – R. lendneri – R. liquefaciens – R. lutescens – R. lyococcus – R. megasporus – R. microsporus – R. minimus – R. necans – R. niger – R. niveus – R. olivacellus – R. pestis-bovinae – R. rachidis –R. ramosus – R. reflexoides – R. schipperae – R. sexualis –R. sinensis – R. speciosus – R. stolonifer – R. subtilis – R. tamari
Name
Rhizopus Ehrenb., Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 10(1): 198 (1821). [MycoBank #20487]
Type Species: Rhizopus nigricans Ehrenb., Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 10(1): 198 (1821). [MycoBank #177460]
(= Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.) Vuill., Revue mycol. [Toulouse] 24: 54 (1902). [MycoBank #119545])
Heterotypic synonyms
Mucor P.Micheli ex Fr., Syst. Mycol. 3(2): 317 (1832). [MycoBank #20348]
Type species:
Pilophora Wallr., Fl. Crypt. Germ. (2): 332 (1833). [MycoBank #20421] (nom. illeg.)
Type Species: Pilophora agaricina Wallr., Fl. Crypt. Germ. (2): 333 (1833). [MycoBank #224403]
(= Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.) Vuill., Revue mycol. [Toulouse] 24: 54 (1902). [MycoBank #119545])
Amylomyces Calmette, Ann. Inst. Pasteur 6(9): 611 (1892). [MycoBank #20027]
Type Species: Amylomyces rouxii Calmette, Ann. Inst. Pasteur 6(9): 611 (1892). [MycoBank #208048]
(= Rhizopus arrhizus A.Fisch., Rabenh. Krypt.-Fl. (ed. 2) 1(4): 233 (1892). [MycoBank #167790])
Crinofera Nieuwl., 1916
Mucor subgen. Rhizopus J. Schröt., 1889
Zygambella Nagal. & Subrahm., 2008
References
Calmette, A. 1892. Contribution a l'étude des ferments de l'amidon. La levure chinoise. Annales de l'Institut Pasteur 6(9): 604–620. BHL Reference page.
Ehrenberg, C.G. 1820. De Mycetogenesi ad Acad. C. L. C. N. C. Praesidem epistola. Nova Acta Physico-Medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum 10(1): 159–222, pls. X–XV. BHL Reference page.
Wallroth, K.F.W. 1833. Flora Cryptogamica Germaniae. Pers posterior, continens Algas et Fungos.: 1–923. Norimbergae. Google Books Reference page.
Zheng, R.-Y., Chen, G.-Q., Huang, H. & Liu, X.-Y. 2007. A monograph of Rhizopus. Sydowia: An International Journal of Mycology 59(2): 273–372. ResearchGate Open access. Zobodat (PDF) Reference page.
Links
Index Fungorum: IF 20487
MycoBank: MB 20487
Vernacular names
Rhizopus is a genus of common saprophytic fungi on plants and specialized parasites on animals. They are found in a wide variety of organic substances, including "mature fruits and vegetables",[2] jellies, syrups, leather, bread, peanuts, and tobacco. They are multicellular. Some Rhizopus species are opportunistic human pathogens that often cause fatal disease called mucormycosis. This widespread genus includes at least eight species.[3][4]
Rhizopus 400x magnification
Rhizopus species grow as filamentous, branching hyphae that generally lack cross-walls (i.e., they are coenocytic). They reproduce by forming asexual and sexual spores. In asexual reproduction, sporangiospores are produced inside a spherical structure, the sporangium. Sporangia are supported by a large apophysate columella atop a long stalk, the sporangiophore. Sporangiophores arise among distinctive, root-like rhizoids. In sexual reproduction, a dark zygospore is produced at the point where two compatible mycelia fuse. Upon germination, a zygospore produces colonies that are genetically different from either parent.
Rhizopus oligosporus is used to make tempeh, a fermented food derived from soybeans.
Rhizopus oryzae is used in the production of alcoholic beverages in parts of Asia and Africa.
Rhizopus stolonifer (black bread mold) causes fruit rot on strawberry, tomato, and Sweet potato and is used in commercial production of fumaric acid and cortisone.
Various species, including R. stolonifer, may cause soft rot in sweet potatoes and Narcissus.
Rhizopus helps in nutrient development since this species is grown in soil it ferments the fruits and vegetable in the soil inhibiting the growth and develops certain pathogens that inhibits the growth of toxigenic fungus.[5] In addition to that, there is even a type of Rhizopus (Rhizopus microsporus-fermented soybean tempe) that has proven to reduce colon carcinogenesis in rats by elevating factors of mucins, immunoglobulin A, and organic acids and give protection to piglets from Escherichia coli-infection by inhibiting adhesion to the intestinal membranes. [6]
Phylogeny
The mating analysis has also been found which was comparative that this species structure is flexible in comparison with other species in the same genus. The topology length of the species genome is found to be three times bigger with the species.[7]
Species
Rhizopus americanus
Rhizopus arrhizus
Rhizopus azygosporus
Rhizopus caespitosus
Rhizopus circinans
Rhizopus delemari
Rhizopus homothallicus
Rhizopus lyococcus
Rhizopus microsporus
Rhizopus niveus
Rhizopus oligosporus
Rhizopus oryzae
Rhizopus reflexus
Rhizopus rhizopodiformis
Rhizopus schipperae
Rhizopus sexualis
Rhizopus stolonifer (black bread mold)
See also
Black bread mold
Mucormycosis
References
"Rhizopus Ehrenb. 1820". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-02-05.
Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. p. 599. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
Zheng RY, Chen GQ, Huang H, Liu XY (2007). "A monograph of Rhizopus". Sydowia. 59 (2): 273–372.
Abe A, Asano K, Sone T (2010). "A Molecular Phylogeny-Based Taxonomy of the Genus Rhizopus". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 74 (7): 1325–1331. doi:10.1271/bbb.90718. PMID 20622457. S2CID 13369408.
Dwi Endrawati, Dwi Endrawati. "Several Functions of Rhizopus sp on Increasing Nutritional Value of Feed Ingredient". June 2017.
Yang, Yongshou (2018). "The effects of tempe fermented with Rhizopus microsporus, Rhizopus oryzae, or Rhizopus stolonifer on the colonic luminal environment in rats". Journal of Functional Foods. 49: 162–167. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2018.08.017. S2CID 91791814.
Gryganskyi, Andrii P; Golan, Jacob; Dolatabadi, Somayeh; Mondo, Stephen; Robb, Sofia; Idnurm, Alexander; Muszewska, Anna; Steczkiewicz, Kamil; Masonjones, Sawyer; Liao, Hui-Ling; Gajdeczka, Michael T; Anike, Felicia; Vuek, Antonina; Anishchenko, Iryna M; Voigt, Kerstin; de Hoog, G Sybren; Smith, Matthew E; Heitman, Joseph; Vilgalys, Rytas; Stajich, Jason E (1 June 2018). "Phylogenetic and Phylogenomic Definition of Rhizopus Species". G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics. 8 (6): 2007–2018. doi:10.1534/g3.118.200235. PMC 5982828. PMID 29674435.
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