Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Fungi
Subregnum: Dikarya
Divisio: Ascomycota
Subdivisio: Pezizomycotina
Classis: Lecanoromycetes
Subclassis: Ostropomycetidae
Ordo: Ostropales
Familia: Porinaceae
Genus: Porina
Species: P. abrupta – P. adflata – P. africana – P. ahlesiana – P. alba – P. albicera – P. aluniticola – P. amygdalina – P. andamanica – P. angusta – P. applanata – P. aptrootii – P. aspera – P. athertonii – P. atlantica – P. atriceps – P. atroperiostiola – P. atropunctata – P. aurantiaca – P. australiensis – P. austroatlantica – P. austropacifica – P. bacillifera – P. bellendenica – P. blechnicola – P. boliviana – P. bryophila – P. buellioides – P. canthicarpa – P. chloroticula – P. chrysophora – P. conica – P. constrictospora – P. coralloidea – P. corrugata – P. crassa – P. danbullensis – P. decrescens – P. deminuta – P. distans – P. dwesica – P. effilata – P. elegantula – P. elixiana – P. elliptica – P. eminentior – P. epiphylla – P. exacta – P. exocha – P. exserta – P. farinosa – P. flavoaurantiaca – P. fluminea – P. fulvella – P. fulvula – P. glaucoflava – P. grandicula – P. grandispora – P. guentheri – P. halei – P. heterocarpa – P. heterospora – P. hibernica – P. howeana – P. huainamdungensis – P. hyperleptalea – P. hypochroa – P. imitatrix – P. impolita – P. indica – P. internigrans – P. kantvilasii – P. karnatakensis – P. kennedyensis – P. lectissima – P. leptalaeoides – P. leptalea – P. leptosperma – P. limbulata – P. limitata – P. longispora – P. lucida – P. macroverrucosa – P. malmei – P. mammillosa – P. mariae – P. mastoidea – P. mastoidella – P. meridionalis – P. microcarpa – P. minutissima – P. mirabilis – P. multiloculata – P. nigrofusca – P. nonaria – P. norrlinii – P. nucula – P. nuculastrum – P. ocellata – P. ocellatoides – P. ochrostoma – P. ocoteae – P. octomera – P. pallescens – P. pacifica – P. papuensis – P. pariata – P. pelochroa – P. peregrina – P. perminuta – P. planiuscula – P. psilocarpa – P. quintaria – P. radicicola – P. rhaphidiophora – P. riparia – P. rosei – P. rubentior – P. rubescens – P. rudiuscula – P. rufula – P. sagedioides – P. salicina – P. santessonii – P. scabrida – P. semecarpi – P. similis – P. sphaerocephala – P. subapplanata – P. subargillacea – P. subgigantospora – P. subinterstes – P. subnucula – P. subrubrosphaera – P. subsanctirosae – P. sudetica – P. sylvatica – P. tahitiensis – P. tasmanica – P. terrae-reginae – P. tetracerae – P. tetramera – P. thujopsicola – P. tolgensis – P. trichothelioides – P. triseptata – P. ulceratula – P. ulleungdoensis – P. virescens – P. viridipustulata – P. weberi
Name
Porina Ach., 1809
Type species: Porina nucula Ach., 1814
Family: Trichotheliaceae (Source: Aptroot 2002)
Life habit: Lichenized
References
Primary
Ach., Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar, 30: 158, 1809 [MB#4337]
Acharius, E. 1809: Förteckning pa de i Sverige växande arter af Lafvarnes famille 4. - Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar 30: 97–102. **[Mattick Rec.# 31944] - (Recent Literature on Lichens - Mattick No.)**
Secondary
Aptroot, A. (2002) Porina (pp. 402-405) In: Nash III, T.H.; Ryan, B.D.; Gries, C. and Bungartz, F. (eds.), Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol. 1. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 532 pages. **[RLL List # 187 / Rec.# 23108] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)**
Harris, R.C. (1995) More Florida Lichens. Including the 10ø Tour of the Pyrenolichens. - Publ. by the Author, Bronx, N.Y.. 192 pp. **[RLL List # 161 / Rec.# 7816] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)**
McCarthy, P.M. (2000) Key to the saxicolous taxa of Porina. - Lichenologist 32(1): 1–13. **[RLL List # 178 / Rec.# 12628] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)** (doi:10.1017/S0024282900000037)
McCarthy, P.M. and Malcolm, W.M. (1997) The genera of Trichotheliaceae. - Lichenologist 29(1): 1–8. **[RLL List # 166 / Rec.# 12567] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)** (DOI: 10.1017/S0024282997000030)
Müller, J. (1895) Lichenes exotici, III. - Hedwigia 34: 27–38. **[Mattick Rec.# 2883] - (Recent Literature on Lichens - Mattick No.)**
Purvis, O.W. and James, P.W. (1992) Porina Müll. Arg. 1883 (pp. 488-492) In: Purvis, O.W., Coppins, B.J., Hawksworth, D.L., James, P.W. and Moore, D.M. (eds.) The Lichen Flora of Great Britain and Ireland. London: Natural History Museum Publication, 710 pp. **[RLL List # 151 / Rec.# 15105] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)**
Sérusiaux, E.; Berger, F.; Brand, M. and van den Boom, P. (2007) The lichen genus Porina in Macaronesia, with descriptions of two new species. The Lichenologist 39(1): 15–33. **[RLL List # 206 / Rec.# 29209] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)** (doi:10.1017/S0024282907005993)
Tucker, S.C. and Harris, R.C. (1980) New or noteworthy pyrenocarpous lichens from Louisiana and Florida. - The Bryologist 83: 1–20. **[RLL List # 106-93 / Rec.# 19055] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)** (JSTOR)
Links
USDA Plants Database
Genus Record Details
MycoBank
Vernacular names
English: Wart lichens
Porina is a genus of crustose lichens in the family Porinaceae. As of August 2024, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 161 species of Porina.[1]
Taxonomy
The genus was circumscribed in 1809 by the Swedish lichenologist Erik Acharius. His diagnosis of the genus was as follows (translated from Latin): "Apothecium wart-like, formed from the thallus, including several thalamia covered by a very delicate, transparent perithecium, marked above by impressed ostioles; nuclei somewhat globose, containing cellular vesicles. Thallus cartilaginous-membranous, uniform". Acharius included a single species in the genus, Porina pertusa (originally named by Carl Linnaeus in 1767 as Lichen pertusus);[2] this species is now known as Pertusaria pertusa.[3]
Description
The genus Porina comprises crustose lichens, characterised by their crust-like appearance that can range from being completely immersed in their substrate to sitting on the surface. The thallus, or body of the lichen, may or may not have a protective outer layer called the cortex. Sometimes, an additional layer of dead cells known as the epinecral layer is present. The internal structure, or medulla, is often not well-defined. Some species within this genus may develop isidia—small outgrowths that aid in vegetative reproduction—or, more rarely, soralia, which are structures that produce soredia for reproduction. The photosynthetic partner, or photobiont, in Porina is typically green alga from the genus Trentepohlia. However, in species that grow on leaves (foliicolous species), the photobiont can be Phycopeltis.[4]
Porina lichens produce perithecioid ascomata, which are flask-shaped structures where spores develop. These can be either embedded in the thallus, prominently protruding, or forming pits in limestone. The exciple, which is the outer layer of the ascomata, may contain dark pigments. Additionally, an involucrellum—a layer of thick-walled cells—may be present, sometimes containing photobiont cells or crystals.[4]
The internal structure of the ascomata, or hamathecium, is made up of paraphyses, which are generally unbranched filaments, and may or may not include periphyses (small filaments within the ascomata). The gel within the hymenium (the fertile inner layer) does not react with iodine (I–) or potassium iodide (K/I–).[4]
The asci, which are the spore-producing cells, are clavate-cylindrical (club-shaped to cylindrical) and thin-walled. They are functionally unitunicate, meaning they open by splitting at the apex without any extruded layers. Depending on the species, the apex of the ascus may be truncate and have a refractive ring that stains with Congo red, or it can be rounded and lack this ring.[4]
Ascospores in Porina are typically colourless and can have three to many transverse septa (divisions), occasionally also having one to three longitudinal septa. They are usually narrowly ellipsoidal to needle-like (acicular) and smooth, often enclosed in a perispore. The arrangement of spores within the ascus is generally irregularly biseriate (arranged in two rows). Porina also produces pycnidia, which are asexual reproductive structures. The conidia (asexual spores) are usually aseptate (without internal partitions), ranging from cylindric-ellipsoidal to rod-shaped or, more rarely, filiform (thread-like).[4]
Chemically, Porina species lack acetone-soluble secondary metabolites but contain at least four acetone-insoluble pigments. Among these, a yellow to orange pigment, reacting K+ (orange or dark orange) and hydrochloric acid (HCl+ yellow to orange), is known as Porina-yellow. This pigment is prevalent in various species such as P. ahlesiana, P. lectissima, and P. leptalea. Additionally, Porina lichens have various dark pigments that are often mixed and challenging to differentiate, with one distinctive pigment being purple-violet, reacting K+ (dark bluish-grey) and hydrochloric acid (HCl+ purple to red-purple).[4]
References
"Porina". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
Acharius, E. (1809). "Förteckning pa de i Sverige växande arter af Lafvarnes famille". Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar. 2 (in Latin). 30: 145–169 [158].
"Record Details: Porina pertusa (L.) Ach., K. Vetensk-Acad. Nya Handl. 30(3): 159 (1809)". Index Fungorum. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
Orange, A.; Cannon, P.; Malíček, J.; Sanderson, N.; Coppins, B.; Simkin, J. (2021). Ostropales: Porinaceae, including the genus Porina (PDF). Revisions of British and Irish Lichens. Vol. 4. pp. 2–3. Open access icon
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