Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Fungi
Subregnum: Dikarya
Divisio: Ascomycota
Subdivisio: Pezizomycotina
Classis: Pezizomycetes
Subclassis: Pezizomycetidae
Ordo: Pezizales
Familiae: Ascobolaceae - Ascodesmidaceae - Caloscyphaceae – Chorioactidaceae - Discinaceae – Geomoriaceae – Glaziellaceae - Helvellaceae - Karstenellaceae – Kallistoskyphaceae – Morchellaceae – Otideaceae – Pezizaceae – Pseudombrophilaceae – Pulvinulaceae – Pyronemataceae – Pyropyxidaceae – Rhizinaceae - Sarcoscyphaceae - Sarcosomataceae – Strobiloscyphaceae – Tarzettaceae – Tuberaceae
Genera (incertae sedis): Aparaphysaria – Ascocalathium – Aurantiolachnea – Boudierella – Cephaliophora – Cidaris – Elaiopezia – Filicupula – Geopyxis – Heydenia – Hiemsia – Hydnocystis – Hypotarzetta – Lamprospora – Lasiobolidium – Lazuardia – Leucoscypha – Loculotuber – Microeurotium – Mycoarctium – Mycogalopsis – Nannfeldtiella – Neottiella – Octospora – Octosporella – Octosporopsis – Oedocephalum – Orbicula – Orcadia – Paurocotylis – Pseudoboubovia – Pseudombrophila – Pulvinula – Rhodoscypha – Rhodotarzetta – Scytopezis – Solanella – Sphaerosoma – Stephensia – Tarzetta – Trichaleurina
Name
Pezizales Mart., Consp. Regn. Veg.: 71. 1835 (“Pezizoidei”).
Synonyms
Tuberales Dumort., 1829
Helvellales Mart., 1835
Balsamiales Hollós, 1911
Glaziellales J.L.Gibson, 1986
Notice: Tuberales Dumort., 1829 has a priority over Pezizales Mart., 1835
References
Schröter, J. & Lindau, G. 1894 ['1897']. Pezizineae. In Engler & Prantl, Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen, unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher hervorragender Fachgelehrten. 1(1): 173–243. BHL Reference page.
Wijayawardene, N.N., Hyde, K.D., Rajeshkumar, K.C., Hawksworth, D.L., Madrid, H., Kirk, P.M., Braun, U., Singh, R.V., Crous, P.W., Kukwa, M., Lücking, R., Kurtzman, C.P., Yurkov, A.M., Haelewaters, D., Aptroot, A., Lumbsch, H.T., Timdal, E., Ertz, D., Etayo, J., Phillips, A.J.L., Groenewald, J.Z., Papizadeh, M., Selbmann, L., Dayarathne, M.C., Weerakoon, G., Jones, E.B.G., Suetrong, S., Tian, Q., Castañeda-Ruiz, R.F., Bahkali, A.H., Pang, K.L., Tanaka, K., Dai, D.Q., Sakayaroj, J., Hujslová, M., Lombard, L., Shenoy, B.D., Suija, A., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Thambugala, K.M., Wanasinghe, D.N., Sharma, B.O., Gaikwad, S., Pandit, G., Zucconi, L., Onofri, S., Egidi, E., Raja, H.A., Kodsueb, R., Caceres, M.E.S., Pérez-Ortega, S., Fiuza, P.O., Monteiro, J.S., Vasilyeva, L.N., Shivas, R.G., Prieto, M., Wedin, M., Olariaga, I., Lateef, A.A., Agrawal, Y., Fazeli, S.A.S., Amoozegar, M.A., Zhao, G.Z., Pfliegler, W.P., Sharma, G., Oset, M., Abdel-Wahab, M.A., Takamatsu, S., Bensch, K., de Silva, N.I., De Kesel, A., Karunarathna, A., Boonmee, S., Pfister, D.H., Lu, Y.Z., Luo, Z.L., Boonyuen, N., Daranagama, D.A., Senanayake, I.C., Jayasiri, S.C., Samarakoon, M.C., Zeng, X.Y., Doilom, M., Quijada, L., Rampadarath, S., Heredia, G., Dissanayake, A.J., Jayawardena, R.S., Perera, R.H., Tang, L.Z., Phukhamsakda, C., Hernández-Restrepo, M., Ma, X., Tibpromma, S., Gusmao, L.F.P., Weerahewa, D., Karunarathna, S.C. 2017. Notes for genera: Ascomycota. Fungal Diversity 86: 1–594. DOI: 10.1007/s13225-017-0386-0 Paywall. ResearchGate Open access. Reference page.
Wijayawardene, N.N., Hyde, K.D., Lumbsch, H.T., Liu, J.-K., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Ekanayaka, A.H., Tian, Q. & Phookamsak, R. 2018. Outline of Ascomycota: 2017. Fungal Diversity 88(1): 167–263. DOI: 10.1007/s13225-018-0394-8 PDF. Reference page.
Wijayawardene, N.N., Hyde, K.D., Divakar, P.K., Rajeshkumar, K.C., Weerahewa, D., Delgado, G., Wang, Y. & Fu, L. 2018. Notes for genera update – Ascomycota: 6616–6821. Mycosphere 9(1): 115–140. DOI: 10.5943/mycosphere/9/1/2 Mycosphere (PDF) Reference page.
Links
Index Fungorum: IF 90494
MycoBank: MB 90494
Pezizales – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Vernacular names
aragonés: Pezizales
Deutsch: Pezizales
English: Pezizales
español: Pezizales
suomi: maljasienet
français: Pezizales
magyar: Csészegombák
italiano: Pezizales
日本語: チャワンタケ目
lietuvių: Ausūniečiai
Nederlands: Pezizales
polski: Kustrzebkowce
русский: Пецицевые
中文: 盘菌目
The Pezizales are an order of the subphylum Pezizomycotina within the phylum Ascomycota. The order contains 16 families, 199 genera, and 1683 species.[1] It contains a number of species of economic importance, such as morels, the black and white truffles, and the desert truffles. The Pezizales can be saprobic, mycorrhizal, or parasitic on plants. Species grow on soil, wood, leaves and dung. Soil-inhabiting species often fruit in habitats with a high pH and low content of organic matter, including disturbed ground. Most species occur in temperate regions or at high elevation. Several members of the Sarcoscyphaceae and Sarcosomataceae are common in tropical regions.
Description
Members of this order are characterized by asci that typically open by rupturing to form a terminal or eccentric lid or operculum. The ascomata are apothecia or are closed structures of various forms derived from apothecia. Apothecia range in size from less than a millimeter to approximately 15 centimetres (6 inches), and may be stalked or sessile. The order includes epigeous, semihypogeous to hypogeous (truffles) taxa. The ascospores are single-celled, bipolar symmetrical, and usually bilaterally symmetrical, ranging from roughly spherical to ellipsoidal to occasionally fusoid.[2] The ascospores of some species develop surface ornamentations such as warts, ridges, or spines. The tissues of the ascomata are fleshy and often fragile. Although the majority of species are known only in the teleomorphic state, the anamorphs of some species are known.
Taxonomy
A phylogenetic analysis of molecular and morphological data suggests that there are three lineages within Pezizales.[3] Lineage A includes Ascobolaceae and Pezizaceae. The former has no known hypogeous species. Lineage B includes the two epigeous families Rhizinaceae and Caloscyphaceae, as well as two sub-lineages with known hypogeous species, Morchellaceae–Discinaceae and Helvellaceae–Tuberaceae. Lineage C include Ascodesmidaceae, Sarcoscyphaceae, Sarcosomataceae with no known hypogeous species as well as Glaziellaceae and Pyronemataceae. It is unknown where Carbomycetaceae fits into this lineage.
References
Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford: CABI. p. 512. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
Hansen K, Pfister DH (2006). "Systematics of the Pezizomycetes--the operculate discomycetes". Mycologia. 98 (6): 1029–40. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.1029. PMID 17486978. S2CID 20890635.
Læssøe, Thomas; Hansen, Karen (2007-09-01). "Truffle trouble: what happened to the Tuberales?". Mycological Research. New Bottles for Old Wine. 111 (9): 1075–1099. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.08.004. ISSN 0953-7562. PMID 18022534.
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