Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Fungi
Subregnum: Dikarya
Divisio: Ascomycota
Subdivisio: Pezizomycotina
Classis: Sordariomycetes
Subclassis: Hypocreomycetidae
Ordo: Hypocreales
Familia: Ophiocordycipitaceae
Genus: Ophiocordyceps
Species: O. acicularis – O. acridiorum – O. agriotidis – O. ainictos – O. albacongiuae – O. alboperitheciata – O. annulata – O. aphidis – O. aphodii – O. aphrophoridarum – O. appendiculata – O. arachneicola – O. arbuscula – O. armeniaca – O. asyuënsis – O. aurantia – O. australis – O. barnesii – O. bicephala – O. borealis – O. brunneipunctata – O. bispora – O. blattae – O. caloceroides – O. cantharelloides – O. carabidicola – O. cicadicola – O. clavata – O. clavulata – O. coccidiicola – O. coccigena – O. cochlidiicola – O. communis – O. corallomyces – O. cossidarum – O. crassispora – O. crinalis – O. cuboidea – O. cucumispora – O. curculionum – O. cylindrostromata – O. dayiensis – O. dermapterigena – O. dipterigena – O. discoideicapitata – O. ditmarii – O. dovei – O. elateridicola – O. elongata – O. elongatiperitheciata – O. elongatistromata – O. emeiensis – O. engleriana – O. entomorrhiza – O. evdogeorgiae – O. falcata – O. falcatoides – O. fasciculatistromata – O. ferruginosa – O. filiformis – O. formicarum – O. forquignonii – O. furcicaudata – O. gansuënsis – O. geniculata – O. gentilis – O. glaziovii – O. goniophora – O. gracilioides – O. gracilis – O. gryllotalpae – O. halabalaensis – O. heteropoda – O. hirsutellae – O. hiugensis – O. huberiana – O. humbertii – O. insignis – O. irangiensis – O. issidarum – O. japonensis – O. jiangxiensis – O. jinggangshanensis – O. kangdingensis – O. kniphofioides – O. koningsbergeri – O. konnoana – O. lachnopoda – O. laojunshanensis – O. larvarum – O. larvicola – O. lloydii – O. longissima – O. lutea – O. macularis – O. melolonthae – O. michiganensis – O. minutissima – O. monticola – O. mrciensis – O. multiaxialis – O. myrmecophila – O. neogryllotalpae – O. neovolkiana – O. nepalensis – O. nigra – O. nigrella – O. nigripes – O. noctuidarum – O. nutans – O. obtusa – O. octospora – O. odonatae – O. osuzumontana – O. owariensis – O. oxycephala – O. paludosa – O. paracuboidea – O. pentatomae – O. petchii – O. proliferans – O. prolifica – O. pruinosa – O. pseudolloydii – O. pseudolongissima – O. pseudonutans – O. pulvinata – O. purpureostromata – O. ravenelii – O. rhizoidea – O. ridleyi – O. robertsii – O. rubripunctata – O. rubiginosiperitheciata – O. ryogamiensis – O. salebrosa – O. scottiana – O. selkirkii – O. sichuanensis – O. smithii – O. sobolifera – O. sinensis – O. sphecocephala – O. spicatus – O. stipillata – O. stylophora – O. subflavida – O. subunilateralis – O. superficialis – O. takaoënsis – O. taylorii – O. thanathonensis – O. thyrsoides – O. tianshanensis – O. tricentri – O. truncata – O. uchiyamae – O. unilateralis – O. variabilis – O. vespulae – O. voeltzkowii – O. volkiana – O. wuyishanensis – O. xifengensis – O. yakusimensis – O. yushensis – O. zhangjiajiensis
Name
Ophiocordyceps Petch, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 16(1): 73 (1931)
Type species: Ophiocordyceps blattae (Petch) Petch 1931
References
Primary references
Petch, T. 1931. Notes on entomogenous fungi. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 16(1): 55–75. Reference page.
Additional references
Wen, T.-C., Xiao, Y.-P., Li, W.-J., Kang, J.-C. & Hyde, K.D. 2014. Systematic analyses of Ophiocordyceps ramosissimum sp. nov., a new species from a larvae of Hepialidae in China. Phytotaxa 161(3): 227–234. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.161.3.6 Paywall. ResearchGate Open access. Reference page.
Links
Index Fungorum: IF 3598
MycoBank: MB 3598
Ophiocordyceps is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae.[2] The widespread genus, first described scientifically by British mycologist Tom Petch in 1931,[3] contains about 140 species that grow on insects.[4] Anamorphic genera that correspond with Ophiocordyceps species are Hirsutella, Hymenostilbe, Isaria, Paraisaria, and Syngliocladium.[5]
One species complex, Ophiocordyceps unilateralis, is known for its parasitism on ants, in which it alters the behavior of the ants in such a way as to propagate itself more effectively, killing the ant and then growing its fruiting bodies from the ant's head and releasing its spores.[6][7][8] To accomplish this, infected ants are stripped of their instinctive fear of heights, and leaving the relative safety of their nests, climb up the nearest plant—a syndrome known as "summit disease".[9] The ant clamps it jaws around the plant in a "death grip" and following, mycelia grow from the ant's feet and stitch them to the surface of the plant.[9] The spores released from the ant carcass fall to the ground and infect other ants that come in contact with the spores so that this cycle continues.[10] Areas with high densities of ants that have this fungus growing out of them are known as graveyards.[11]
A 48-million-year-old fossil of an ant in the death-grip of Ophiocordyceps unilateralis was discovered in Germany.[12]
Sources and uses
Ophiocordyceps sinensis is a species that infects the larvae of Tibetan ghost moths, and is used extensively in traditional Chinese medicine.[13][14][15] There is currently no scientific evidence that use of this species has any clinically detectable effect on human diseases.[14]
Species
Reference:[16]
Ophiocordyceps arborescens
Ophiocordyceps acicularis
Ophiocordyceps agriotidis
Ophiocordyceps ainictos
Ophiocordyceps amazonica
Ophiocordyceps amazonica var. neoamazonica
Ophiocordyceps aphodii
Ophiocordyceps appendiculata
Ophiocordyceps arachneicola
Ophiocordyceps araracuarensis
Ophiocordyceps arbuscula
Ophiocordyceps armeniaca
Ophiocordyceps asyuënsis
Ophiocordyceps aurantia
Ophiocordyceps australis
Ophiocordyceps barnesii
Ophiocordyceps bicephala
Ophiocordyceps brunneipunctata
Ophiocordyceps bispora
Ophiocordyceps blattae
Ophiocordyceps blattarioides
Ophiocordyceps caloceroides
Ophiocordyceps camponoti-balzani
Ophiocordyceps camponoti-chartificis
Ophiocordyceps camponoti-floridani[17]
Ophiocordyceps camponoti-melanotici
Ophiocordyceps camponoti-novogranadensis
Ophiocordyceps camponoti-rufipedis
Ophiocordyceps camponoti-sexguttati
Ophiocordyceps cantharelloides
Ophiocordyceps carabidicola
Ophiocordyceps cicadicola
Ophiocordyceps clavata
Ophiocordyceps clavulata
Ophiocordyceps coccidiicola
Ophiocordyceps coccigena
Ophiocordyceps cochlidiicola
Ophiocordyceps coenomyia
Ophiocordyceps communis
Ophiocordyceps corallomyces
Ophiocordyceps crassispora
Ophiocordyceps crinalis
Ophiocordyceps cuboidea
Ophiocordyceps cucumispora
Ophiocordyceps cucumispora var. dolichoderi
Ophiocordyceps curculionum
Ophiocordyceps cylindrostromata
Ophiocordyceps daceti
Ophiocordyceps dayiensis
Ophiocordyceps dermapterigena
Ophiocordyceps dipterigena
Ophiocordyceps discoideicapitata
Ophiocordyceps ditmarii
Ophiocordyceps dovei
Ophiocordyceps elateridicola
Ophiocordyceps elongata
Ophiocordyceps elongatiperitheciata
Ophiocordyceps elongatistromata
Ophiocordyceps emeiensis
Ophiocordyceps engleriana
Ophiocordyceps entomorrhiza
Ophiocordyceps evansii
Ophiocordyceps evdogeorgiae
Ophiocordyceps falcata
Ophiocordyceps falcatoides
Ophiocordyceps fasciculatistromata
Ophiocordyceps ferruginosa
Ophiocordyceps filiformis
Ophiocordyceps formicarum
Ophiocordyceps forquignonii
Ophiocordyceps fulgoromorphila
Ophiocordyceps furcicaudata
Ophiocordyceps gansuënsis
Ophiocordyceps geniculata
Ophiocordyceps gentilis
Ophiocordyceps glaziovii
Ophiocordyceps goniophora
Ophiocordyceps gracilioides
Ophiocordyceps gracilis
Ophiocordyceps gryllotalpae
Ophiocordyceps halabalaensis
Ophiocordyceps heteropoda
Ophiocordyceps hirsutellae
Ophiocordyceps hiugensis
Ophiocordyceps huberiana
Ophiocordyceps humbertii
Ophiocordyceps indica
Ophiocordyceps insignis
Ophiocordyceps irangiensis
Ophiocordyceps japonensis
Ophiocordyceps jiangxiensis
Ophiocordyceps jinggangshanensis
Ophiocordyceps kangdingensis
Ophiocordyceps kniphofioides
Ophiocordyceps kniphofioides var. dolichoderi
Ophiocordyceps kniphofioides var. monacidis
Ophiocordyceps kniphofioides var. ponerinarum
Ophiocordyceps koningsbergeri
Ophiocordyceps konnoana
Ophiocordyceps lachnopoda
Ophiocordyceps laojunshanensis
Ophiocordyceps larvarum
Ophiocordyceps larvicola
Ophiocordyceps lloydii
Ophiocordyceps lloydii var. binata
Ophiocordyceps longissima
Ophiocordyceps lutea
Ophiocordyceps macroacicularis
Ophiocordyceps macularis
Ophiocordyceps melolonthae
Ophiocordyceps melolonthae var. rickii
Ophiocordyceps michiganensis
Ophiocordyceps minutissima
Ophiocordyceps monticola
Ophiocordyceps mrciensis
Ophiocordyceps multiaxialis
Ophiocordyceps myrmecophila
Ophiocordyceps myrmicarum
Ophiocordyceps naomipierceae
Ophiocordyceps neovolkiana
Ophiocordyceps nepalensis
Ophiocordyceps nigra
Ophiocordyceps nigrella
Ophiocordyceps nigripes
Ophiocordyceps nutans
Ophiocordyceps obtusa
Ophiocordyceps octospora
Ophiocordyceps odonatae
Ophiocordyceps oecophyllae
Ophiocordyceps osuzumontana
Ophiocordyceps owariensis
Ophiocordyceps owariensis f. viridescens
Ophiocordyceps oxycephala
Ophiocordyceps paludosa
Ophiocordyceps paracuboidea
Ophiocordyceps pentatomae
Ophiocordyceps petchii
Ophiocordyceps proliferans
Ophiocordyceps prolifica
Ophiocordyceps pruinosa
Ophiocordyceps pseudolloydii
Ophiocordyceps pseudolongissima
Ophiocordyceps pulvinata
Ophiocordyceps purpureostromata
Ophiocordyceps purpureostromata f. recurvata
Ophiocordyceps ravenelii
Ophiocordyceps rhizoidea
Ophiocordyceps ridleyi
Ophiocordyceps robertsii - Vegetable caterpillar, āwheto
Ophiocordyceps rubripunctata
Ophiocordyceps rubiginosiperitheciata
Ophiocordyceps ryogamiensis
Ophiocordyceps salebrosa
Ophiocordyceps satoi
Ophiocordyceps scottiana
Ophiocordyceps selkirkii
Ophiocordyceps sichuanensis
Ophiocordyceps smithii
Ophiocordyceps sobolifera
Ophiocordyceps sinensis—Caterpillar fungus, chong cao
Ophiocordyceps sphecocephala
Ophiocordyceps stipillata
Ophiocordyceps stylophora
Ophiocordyceps subflavida
Ophiocordyceps subunilateralis
Ophiocordyceps superficialis
Ophiocordyceps superficialis f. crustacea
Ophiocordyceps takaoënsis
Ophiocordyceps taylorii
Ophiocordyceps thyrsoides
Ophiocordyceps tiputini
Ophiocordyceps tricentri
Ophiocordyceps truncata
Ophiocordyceps uchiyamae
Ophiocordyceps unilateralis
Ophiocordyceps unilateralis var. clavata
Ophiocordyceps variabilis
Ophiocordyceps voeltzkowii
Ophiocordyceps volkiana
Ophiocordyceps wuyishanensis
Ophiocordyceps yakusimensis
Ophiocordyceps zhangjiajiensis
In popular culture
Simply referred to as "cordyceps", an unspecified species in this genus is the cause of a worldwide pandemic and the zombie-like "infected" in the 2013 video game The Last of Us and the 2023 television adaptation.
In the 2014 novel The Girl with All the Gifts and its 2016 film adaptation, a mutation of Ophiocordyceps unilateralis is responsible for an infection that causes the collapse of civilization.
In the 2022 comic-book series Poison Ivy written by G. Willow Wilson, the titular character makes use of a fictitious species belonging to this genus.
The Pokémon Paras and Parasect are based on insects parasitized by Ophiocordyceps.
See also
Cordyceps
References
"Ophiocordyceps Petch 1931". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-07-19.
Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM (December 2007). "Outline of Ascomycota – 2007". Myconet. 13. Chicago, USA: The Field Museum, Department of Botany: 1–58.
Petch T. (1931). "Notes on entomogenous fungi". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 16 (1): 55–75. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(31)80006-3.
Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. p. 483. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
Sung G-H, Hywel-Jones NL, Sung J-M, Luangsa-ard JJ, Shrestha B, Spatafora JW (2007). "Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi". Studies in Mycology. 57: 5–59. doi:10.3114/sim.2007.57.01. PMC 2104736. PMID 18490993.
Bhanoo SN (24 August 2010). "In Fossilized Leaf, Clues to a Zombie Ant". The New York Times.
Zimmer C (24 October 2019). "After This Fungus Turns Ants Into Zombies, Their Bodies Explode". The New York Times.
Evans HC, Elliot SL, Hughes DP (March 2011). "Hidden diversity behind the zombie-ant fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis: four new species described from carpenter ants in Minas Gerais, Brazil". PLOS ONE. 6 (3): e17024. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...617024E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017024. PMC 3047535. PMID 21399679.
Sheldrake, Merlin (2021). Entangled Life. New York: Random House. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-525-51032-1.
Pontoppidan, Maj-Britt; Himaman, Winanda; Hywel-Jones, Nigel L.; Boomsma, Jacobus J.; Hughes, David P. (2009-03-12). "Graveyards on the Move: The Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Dead Ophiocordyceps-Infected Ants". PLOS ONE. 4 (3): e4835. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.4835P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004835. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 2652714. PMID 19279680.
Pontoppidan, Maj-Britt; Himaman, Winanda; Hywel-Jones, Nigel L.; Boomsma, Jacobus J.; Hughes, David P. (2009-03-12). "Graveyards on the Move: The Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Dead Ophiocordyceps-Infected Ants". PLOS ONE. 4 (3): e4835. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.4835P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004835. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 2652714. PMID 19279680.
Hughes, David P.; Wappler, Torsten; Labandeira, Conrad C. (2011-02-23). "Ancient death-grip leaf scars reveal ant–fungal parasitism". Biology Letters. 7 (1): 67–70. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0521. PMC 3030878. PMID 20719770.
Xu, Jin; Huang, Ying; Chen, Xiang-Xiang; Zheng, Shuai-Chao; Chen, Peng; Mo, Ming-He (October 2016). "The Mechanisms of Pharmacological Activities of Ophiocordyceps sinensis Fungi: Pharmacological Mechanisms of O . sinensis". Phytotherapy Research. 30 (10): 1572–1583. doi:10.1002/ptr.5673. PMID 27373780. S2CID 2985175.
"Cordyceps". Drugs.com. 14 September 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
Yue, K; Ye, M; Zhou, Z; Sun, W; Lin, X (April 2013). "The genus Cordyceps: a chemical and pharmacological review". The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 65 (4): 474–93. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01601.x. PMID 23488776.
Araújo JP, Evans HC, Kepler R, Hughes DP (June 2018). "Ophiocordyceps. I. Myrmecophilous hirsutelloid species". Studies in Mycology. 90: 119–160. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2017.12.002. PMC 6002356. PMID 29910522.
Kate Golembiewski: Mystery parasites on zombie ant fungus identified by scientists. CNN, Fri November 18, 2022. Source: doi:10.1534/g3.120.401290 PMID 32354705 PMC 7341126 .
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