Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Fungi
Subregnum: Mucoromyceta
Divisio: Glomeromycota
Subdivisio: Glomeromycotina
Classis: Archaeosporomycetes
Ordo: Archaeosporales
Familia: Geosiphonaceae
Genus: †Horodyskia
Species: H. minor – H. moniliformis – H. williamsii
Name
Horodyskia Yochelson & Fedonkin, 2000
References
Yochelson, E. L., & Fedonkin, M. A. (2000). A new tissue-grade organism 1.5 billion years old from Montana. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 113: 843–847 full text at BHL.
Grey, K., Yochelson, E. L., Fedonkin, M. A., & Martin, D. McB. (2010). Horodyskia williamsii new species, a Mesoproterozoic macrofossil from Western Australia. Precambrian Research 180: 1–17 pdf full text.
Retallack, G.J., Dunn, K.L., & Saxby, J. 2013. Problematic Mesoproterozoic fossil Horodyskia from Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Precambrian Research 226: 125–142 abstract.
Vernacular names
English: String of beads fossil
Horodyskia is a fossilised organism found in rocks dated from 1,500 million years ago to 900 million years ago. Its shape has been described as a "string of beads" connected by a very fine thread.[2] It is considered one of the oldest known eukaryotes.
Horodyskia apparently re-arranged itself into fewer but larger main masses as the sediment grew deeper round its base.[2]
The bead structures of Horodyskia vary in shape.[1]
Biology
Comparisons of different fossils in the same locations suggest that it rearranged itself into fewer but larger main masses as the sediment grew deeper round its base.[2] It may also have had a series of holdfasts along the bottom of the thread. Dimple marks in offshore sandstone have been found in the same deposits as Horodyskia, suggesting that they may be remnants of older holdfasts.[3] Thin sections of Horodyskia have revealed a system of tubes within the beads, including connecting strings, and other tubes radiating outward from each bead. Partial burial and branching of these tubes suggest that it may have had a benthic sessile lifestyle. Members of the genus are distinguished by bead size and spacing, with the beads of H. moniliformis being larger and more spaced than H. williamsii.[1]
Distribution
Species of Horodyskia has been found in Western Australia,[3] Southern China,[4] and in parts of North America,[1] They are found in siliciclastic rocks such as sandstone, often as casts or molds.
Classification
Like many Precambrian organisms, the biology of Horodyskia is still poorly understood. As a result, it is difficult to classify what type of organism it may have been. Horodyskia has been considered an early metazoan,[2] and a colonial foraminiferan.[4] More recently it has been hypothesized that they are a type of Geosiphon-like fungus (Glomeromycota, Archaeosporales), due to the similarity of Horodyskia’s bead-like structures to the bladders of early growth stage Geosiphons.[1]
See also
List of Ediacaran genera
Francevillian biota
Francevillian B Formation
Footnotes
Wikispecies has information related to Horodyskia.
Retallack, G.J.; Dunn, K.L. & Saxby, J. (2013). "Problematic Mesoproterozoic fossil Horodyskia from Glacier National Park, Montana, USA". Precambrian Research. 226: 125–142. Bibcode:2013PreR..226..125R. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2012.12.005.
Fedonkin, M.A. (March 2003). "The origin of the Metazoa in the light of the Proterozoic fossil record" (PDF). Paleontological Research. 7 (1): 9–41. doi:10.2517/prpsj.7.9. S2CID 55178329. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-05-18. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
Martin, D.McB. (August 2004). "Depositional environment and taphonomy of the 'strings of beads': Mesoproterozoic multicellular fossils in the Bangemall Supergroup, Western Australia" (PDF). Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. 51 (4): 555–561. Bibcode:2004AuJES..51..555M. doi:10.1111/j.1400-0952.2004.01074.x. S2CID 128491821.
Dong, L.; Xiao, S.; Shen, B. & Zhou, C. (Jan 2008). "Silicified Horodyskia and Palaeopascichnus from upper Ediacaran cherts in South China: tentative phylogenetic interpretation and implications for evolutionary stasis". Journal of the Geological Society. 165 (1): 367–378. Bibcode:2008JGSoc.165..367D. doi:10.1144/0016-76492007-074. S2CID 129309037. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
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