Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Fungi
Subregnum: Dikarya
Divisio: Ascomycota
Subdivisio: Pezizomycotina
Classis: Lecanoromycetes
Subclassis: Lecanoromycetidae
Ordo: Gyalectales
Familiae: Coenogoniaceae – Gyalectaceae – Phlyctidaceae – Sagiolechiaceae – Trichotheliaceae
Name
Gyalectales Henssen ex D.Hawksw. & O.E.Erikss., 1986
References
Primary references
Hawksworth, D.L.; Eriksson, O.E. 1986. The names of accepted orders of Ascomycetes. Systema Ascomycetum. 5:175-184
Additional references
Kraichak E, Huang JP, Nelsen M, Leavitt SD, Lumbsch HT. A revised classification of orders and families in the two major subclasses of Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) based on a temporal approach. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 2018 Sep 6;188(3):233-49. DOI: 10.1093/botlinnean/boy060
Wijayawardene, Nalin et. al, 2020, Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa. Mycosphere. 11:1060–1456 DOI: 10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8
Links
Index Fungorum: IF 90474
MycoBank: MB 90474
Gyalectales is an order of lichen-forming fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains 5 families, 18 genera and about 550 species.
Taxonomy
The Gyalectales were introduced in a 1974 publication by Aino Henssen and Martin Jahns,[1] but not formally published until 1986 by David Hawksworth and Ove Eriksson.[2]
Phylogeny
An early (2002) phylogenetics study showed that the order Ostropales, as was then circumscribed, was paraphyletic, and proposed that the Ostropales sensu lato included the Gyalectales and Trapeliaceae.[3] Although they had traditionally been considered to be only distantly related, molecular studies suggested a much closer phylogenetic relationship.[4][5] As a result, of the molecular data, Kauff and Lutzoni subsumed the Gyalectales into the Ostropales, as the latter name was published earlier (1932 vs. 1986).[3]
In 2018, Kraichak and colleagues used a recently developed "temporal phylogenetic" approach to identify temporal bands for specific taxonomic ranks. Based on this approach, clades that share a common ancestor between 176 and 194 Mya and a time window of 111–135 Mya correspond to order-level and family-level, respectively. The Gyalectales clade, consisting of the families Trichotheliaceae, Coenogoniaceae, Sagiolechiaceae, Gyalectaceae and Phlyctidaceae, has a crown node that falls within the temporal band for orders. For this reason the name Gyalectales was resurrected to represent the monophyletic clade.[6] Gyalectales itself is placed in Ostropomycetidae, one of two major subclasses in the Lecanoromycetes.
This proposed classification has been accepted in a later review of the temporal banding method for fungus systematics,[7] as well a 2022 update on fungal classification.[8]
Families and genera
This is a list of the families and genera contained within the Gyalectales, based on a 2022 review and summary of fungal classification.[8] Following the taxon name is the taxonomic authority, year of publication, and (for genera) the number of species:
Pseudosagedia aenea
Coenogoniaceae Stizenb. (1862)
Coenogonium Ehrenb. (1820)[9] – ca. 91 spp.
Gyalectaceae Stizenb. (1862)
Cryptolechia A.Massal. (1853) – 11 spp.
Francisrosea Ertz & Sanderson (2021)[10] – 1 sp.
Gyalecta Ach. (1808)[11] – 50 spp.
Neopetractis Ertz (2021)[10] – 2 spp.
Ramonia Stizenb. (1862) – 24 spp.
Semigyalecta Vain. (1921)[12] – 1 sp.
Phlyctidaceae Poelt ex J.C.David & D.Hawksw. (1991)[13]
Phlyctis (Wallr.) Flot. (1850)[14] – 20 spp.
Psathyrophlyctis Brusse (1987)[15] – 1 sp.
Sagiolechiaceae Baloch, Lücking, Lumbsch & Wedin (2010)[16]
Rhexophiale Th.Fr. (1860) – 1 sp.
Sagiolechia A.Massal. (1854)[17] – 3 spp.
Porinaceae Rchb. (1828)[18]
Clathroporina Müll.Arg (1882) – ca. 25 spp.
Flabelloporina Sobreira, M.Cáceres & Lücking (2018)[19] – 1 sp.
Myeloconis P.M.McCarthy & Elix (1996)[20] – 4 spp.
Porina Ach. (1809) – ca. 145 spp.
Pseudosagedia (Müll.Arg.) Choisy (1949)[21] – 80 spp.
Saxiloba Lücking, Moncada & Viñas (2020)[22] – 2 spp.
Segestria Fr. (1825) – 70 spp.
Trichothelium Müll.Arg. (1885)[23] – 40 spp.
References
Henssen, Aino; Jahns, H. Martin (1974). Lichenes. Eine Einfuhrung in die Flechtenkunde (in German). Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag.
Hawksworth, D.L.; Eriksson, O.E. (1986). "The names of accepted orders of ascomycetes". Systema Ascomycetum. 5: 175–184.
Kauff, Frank; Lutzoni, François (2002). "Phylogeny of the Gyalectales and Ostropales (Ascomycota, Fungi): among and within order relationships based on nuclear ribosomal RNA small and large subunits". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 25 (1): 138–156. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00214-2. PMID 12383757.
Bhattacharya, Debashish; Lutzoni, François; Reeb, Valérie; Simon, Dawn; Nason, John; Fernandez, Fernando (2000). "Widespread occurrence of spliceosomal introns in the rDNA genes of ascomycetes". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 17 (12): 1971–1984. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026298. PMID 11110913.
Lutzoni, François; Pagel, Mark; Reeb, Valérie (2001). "Major fungal lineages are derived from lichen symbiotic ancestors". Nature. 411 (6840): 937–940. doi:10.1038/35082053. PMID 11418855.
Kraichak, Ekaphan; Huang, Jen-Pan; Nelsen, Matthew; Leavitt, Steven D.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2018). "A revised classification of orders and families in the two major subclasses of Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) based on a temporal approach". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 188 (3): 233–249. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/boy060.
Lücking, Robert (2019). "Stop the abuse of time! Strict temporal banding is not the future of rank-based classifications in fungi (including lichens) and other organisms". Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 38 (3): 199–253. doi:10.1080/07352689.2019.1650517.
Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 161–162. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. hdl:1854/LU-8754813.
Ehrenberg, C.G. (1820). "De Coenogonio, novo lichenum genere ex penu viri cl. Chamisso desumpto". In Nees v. Esenbeck (ed.). Horae Physicae Berolinenses 1820 (in Latin). pp. 77–104.
Ertz, Damien; Sanderson, Neil; Lebouvier, Marc (2021). "Thelopsis challenges the generic circumscription in the Gyalectaceae and brings new insights to the taxonomy of Ramonia". The Lichenologist. 53 (1): 45–61. doi:10.1017/S002428292000050X.
Acharius, E. (1808). "Förteckning på de i Sverige våxande arter af Lafvarnas Familj". Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar (in Swedish). 29: 228–237.
Vainio, Edvard August (1921). "Lichenes insularum Philippinarum. III". Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae Series A (in Latin). 15 (6): 153.
David, J.C.; Hawksworth, D.L. (1991). "Validation of six family names of lichenized ascomycetes". Systema Ascomycetum. 10: 13–18.
Flotow, J. (1850). "Lichenologische Beiträge zur Flora Europaea" [Lichenological contributions to the flora of Europe]. Botanische Zeitung (in German). 8: 569–575.
Brusse, F.A. (1987). "Psathyrophlyctis, a new lichen genus from southern Africa". Bothalia. 17 (2): 182–184. doi:10.4102/abc.v17i2.1030.
Baloch, Elisabeth; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Wedin, Mats (2010). "Major clades and phylogenetic relationships between lichenized and non-lichenized lineages in Ostropales (Ascomycota: Lecanoromycetes)". Taxon. 59 (5): 1483–1494. doi:10.1002/tax.595013.
Massalongo, A. (1854). Geneacaena lichenum ab A. prof. Massalongo noviter proposita ac descripta (in Latin). Verona: Typis Ramanzinianis. p. 11.
Reichenbach, H.G.L. (1828). Conspectus regni vegetabilis per gradus naturales evoluti. Tentamen [Overview of the Plant Kingdom Developed Through Natural Gradations. An Attempt] (in Latin). Leipzig: C. Cnobloch. p. 20.
Sobreira, Priscylla Nayara Bezerra; Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia Da Silva; Maia, Leonor Costa; Lücking, Robert (2018). "Flabelloporina, a new genus in the Porinaceae (Ascomycota, Ostropales), with the first record of F. squamulifera from Brazil". Phytotaxa. 358 (1): 67–75. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.358.1.4.
McCarthy, P.M.; Elix, J.A. (1996). "Myeloconis, a new genus of pyrenocarpous lichens from the tropics". The Lichenologist. 28 (5): 401–414. doi:10.1006/lich.1996.0038.
Choisy, M. (1949). "Catalogue des lichens de la region lyonnaise". Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon (in French). 18 (6): 105–120. doi:10.3406/linly.1949.8557.
Lücking, Robert; Moncada, Bibiana; Sipman, Harrie; Bezerra Sobreira, Priscylla; Viñas, Carlos; Gutíerrez, Jorge; Flynn, Timothy (2020). "Saxiloba: a new genus of placodioid lichens from the Caribbean and Hawaii shakes up the Porinaceae tree (lichenized Ascomycota: Gyalectales)". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 65 (2): 577–585. doi:10.35535/pfsyst-2020-0031.
Müller, J. (1885). "Pyrenocarpeae Cubenses a cl. C. Wright lectae". Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie (in Latin). 6: 375–421.
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