Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Fungi
Subregnum: Dikarya
Divisio: Basidiomycota
Subdivisio: Agaricomycotina
Classis: Agaricomycetes
Subclassis: Phallomycetidae
Ordo: Geastrales
Familia: Geastraceae
Genera: Geastrum
Subsections: Geastrum subsect. Arenaria - Geastrum subsect. Hungarica - Geastrum subsect. Lageniformia - Geastrum subsect. Quadrifida - Geastrum subsect. Velutina
Overview of species: G. aculeatum – G. affine – G. albidum – G. albofibrosum – G. albonigrum – G. ambiguum – G. ameghinoi – G. andrewsii – G. archeri – G. arenarium – G. argentatum – G. argenteum – G. argentinum – G. asperum – G. atratum – G. australe – G. austrominimum – G. avellaneum – G. baculicrystallinum – G. bancroftii – G. beccarianum – G. beijingense – G. benitoi – G. berkeleyi – G. biplicatum – G. britannicum – G. brunneocapillatum – G. bushnellii – G. caatingaense – G. calceum – G. calcium – G. calycicoriaceum – G. campestre – G. capense – G. caririense – G. cesatii – G. chamelense – G. clelandii – G. columnatum – G. commune – G. comptum – G. congolense – G. conrathii – G. coriaceum – G. corollinum – G. coronatum – G. cryptorhynchum – G. cupulare – G. cylindricum – G. delicatum – G. deserticola – G. deylii – G. diderma – G. diosiae – G. dissimile – G. djakovense – G. dolomiticum – G. drummondii – G. dubium – G. duplicatum – G. dybowskii – G. echinulatum – G. elegans – G. ellipticum – G. englerianum – G. entomophilum – G. episcopale – G. federeri – G. fenestratum – G. fibrillosum – G. fimbriatum – G. flexuosum – G. floriforme – G. florissantense – G. fornicatum – G. furfuraceum – G. fuscoglebum – G. giacomellianum – G. glabrum – G. glaucescens – G. gorgonicum – G. granulosum – G. guilfoylei – G. hansagiense – G. hariotii – G. heptaplex – G. hieronymi – G. hirsutum – G. hollosii – G. huneckii – G. hungaricum – G. hyalinum – G. indicum – G. infrequens – G. inpaense – G. involutum – G. ishikawae – G. javanicum – G. juliae – G. juniperinum – G. jurei – G. juruense – G. kalchbrenneri – G. kotlabae – G. kuharii – G. laevisporum – G. lageniforme – G. laneum – G. lanuginosum – G. leptospermum – G. lignicola – G. lilacinum – G. lilloi – G. limbatum – G. linkii – G. litchi – G. litchiforme – G. lloydii – G. lugubre – G. macowanii – G. magnisporum – G. mammosum – G. marchicum – G. marginatum – G. maurus – G. melanocephalum – G. melanorhynchum – G. menziesii – G. meridionale – G. michelianum – G. microphole – G. minimum – G. minutisporum – G. minutum – G. mirabile – G. mongolicum – G. morganii – G. multifidum – G. nadalii – G. neoamericanum – G. nigrum – G. orientale – G. ovalisporum – G. oxylobum – G. oxysepalum – G. pampeanum – G. panjabense – G. papinuttii – G. parvisporum – G. parvistellum – G. parvistriatum – G. pazschkeanum – G. pectinatum – G. pedicellatum – G. peruvianum – G. pillotii – G. piquiriunense – G. platense – G. pleosporum – G. pluriosteum – G. pouzarii – G. pseudomammosum – G. pseudosaccatum – G. pseudostriatum – G. pulverulentum – G. pusillipilosum – G. pusillum – G. quadrifidum – G. queletii – G. rabenhorstii – G. radicans – G. reinkingi – G. reticulatum – G. rhizophorum – G. rubellum – G. rubropusillum – G. rufescens – G. rugulosum – G. rusticum – G. saccatum – G. sanglinense – G. schweinfurthii – G. schweinitzii – G. scleroderma – G. senoretiae – G. setiferum – G. setosum – G. sibiricum – G. simulans – G. smardae – G. smithii – G. sowerbyi – G. spegazzinianum – G. squameoramulosum – G. stellatum – G. striatulum – G. suae – G. subiculosum – G. taylorii – G. tepexense – G. thanatophilum – G. thwaitesii – G. tomentosum – G. tonkinense – G. triplex – G. tunicatum – G. tupiense – G. turbinatum – G. umbilicatum – G. varians – G. velutinum – G. verrucoramulosum – G. victorinii – G. violaceum – G. viride – G. wrightii – G. xerophilum – G. xylogenum – G. yanshanense
Name
Geastrum Pers., Neues Mag. Bot. 1: 85 (1794), nom. et typ. cons.
Type species: Geastrum coronatum Pers.
Synonyms
Homotypic
Geastrum sect. Geastrum Pers., Neues Mag. Bot. 1: 85 (1794), autonym
Geastrum subsect. Geastrum Pers., Neues Mag. Bot. 1: 85 (1794), autonym
Heterotypic
Anthropomorphus Seger, (1745)
Astrocitum Raf., Med. Repos., ser. 2 3: 423 (1806)
Astrycum Raf., J. Bot. (Desvaux) 2: 175 (1809)
Coilomyces Berk. & M.A. Curtis, J. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., N.S. 2(6): 279 (1854) [1853]
Geaster P. Micheli, Nov. pl. gen. (Florentiae): 220, tab. 100 (1729)
Geaster P. Micheli ex Fr., Syst. mycol. (Lundae) 3(1): 8 (1829)
Geasteropsis Hollós, Növényt. Közlem. 2: 72 (1903)
Glycydiderma Paulet, (1808)
Mesophelliopsis Bat. & A.F. Vital, Anais Soc. Biol. Pernambuco 15(1): 14 (1957)
Plecostoma Desv., J. Bot. (Desvaux) 2: 99 (1809)
Radiigera Zeller, Mycologia 36(6): 628 (1944)
Trichaster Czern., Bull. Soc. Imp. nat. Moscou 18(no. 3): 149 (1845)
References
Primary references
Persoon, C.H. 1794. Neuer Versuch einer systematischen Eintheilung der Schwämme. Neues Magazin für die Botanik in ihrem ganzen Umfange 1: 63–128, pls. I–IV. Google Books (Lacking plates) Google Books (Includes plates) Reference page.
Additional references
Zamora, J. C., Calonge, F. D., Hosaka, K., & Martín, M. P. (2014). Systematics of the genus Geastrum (Fungi: Basidiomycota) revisited. Taxon 63 (3): 477-497. DOI: 10.12705/633.36 Reference page.
Zamora J.C., Calonge F.D. & Martín M.P., 2015. Integrative taxonomy reveals an unexpected diversity in Geastrum section Geastrum (Geastrales, Basidiomycota). Persoonia 34: 130–165.
Vernacular names
беларуская: Зорачнік
English: Earthstar
suomi: Maatähdet
русский: Земляная звезда
Geastrum (orthographical variant Geaster)[1] is a genus of puffball-like mushrooms in the family Geastraceae. Many species are commonly known as earthstars.
The name, which comes from geo meaning earth and aster meaning star, refers to the behavior of the outer peridium. At maturity, the outer layer of the fruiting body splits into segments which turn outward creating a star-like pattern on the ground. The inner peridium is called a spore sac. In some species, the outer peridium splits from a middle layer, causing the spore sac to arch off the ground. If the outer peridium opens when wet and closes when dry, it is described as hygroscopic.
In some species, the inner peridium is borne on a stalk or pedicel. The columella is a column-like clump of sterile tissue found inside the inner peridium. The network of fertile tissue inside the inner peridium, the capillitium, arises from the columella. This is where basidia and basidiospores are produced. The mouth in most species of "earth-stars" is quite prominent, often arising as a small cone at the apex of the inner peridium. It may be even or sulcate (grooved).[2]
They are generally not toxic but considered non-edible due to their fibrous texture in the mature stage at which they are generally found.
Species
Although the Dictionary of the Fungi (2008) estimated roughly 50 species in Geastrum,[3] a more recent estimate (2014) suggests that there may be up to 120 species.[4] Geastrum coronatum Pers. has been proposed as the conserved type for the genus.[5] Some similar species that are otherwise difficult to differentiate using classical morphological features (such as G. triplex, G. saccatum, and G. lageniforme) can be identified using chemical spot tests that detect phenoloxidase enzymatic activity, a differences in the crystal structure of calcium oxalate deposits[6] or DNA sequences. Species include:
Geastrum aculeatum[7]
Geastrum albonigrum
Geastrum andrewsii
Geastrum argentatum
Geastrum argentinum
Geastrum australe
Geastrum austrominimum
Geastrum benitoi
Geastrum britannicum
Geastrum berkeleyi
Geastrum bushnellii
Geastrum campestre
Geastrum clelandii
Geastrum congolense
Geastrum corollinum
Geastrum coronatum
Geastrum dissimile
Geastrum drummondii
Geastrum dubowskii
Geastrum echinulatum[7]
Geastrum elegans
Geastrum elliptice
Geastrum entomophilum[8]
Geastrum episcopale
Geastrum fimbriatum
Geastrum flexuosum
Geastrum floriforme
Geastrum fornicatum
Geastrum fuscogleba
Geastrum hieronymi
Geastrum hirsutum
Geastrum huneckii
Geastrum hungaricum
Geastrum inpaense – Brazil[9]
Geastrum kotlabae
Geastrum kuharii
Geastrum lageniforme
Geastrum leptospermum
Geastrum lilloi[10]
Geastrum litchiforme
Geastrum lloydianum
Geastrum magnosporum[11]
Geastrum melanocephalum[12]
Geastrum meridionale
Geastrum minimum
Geastrum mirabile
Geastrum morganii
Geastrum ovalisporum
Geastrum oxylobum
Geastrum papinuttii
Geastrum parvisporum
Geastrum parvistriatum
Geastrum pectinatum
Geastrum pleosporus[13]
Geastrum pouzarii
Geastrum pseudolimbatum
Geastrum quadrifidum
Geastrum reticulatum
Geastrum rhizophorum
Geastrum rufescens
Geastrum rugulosum
Geastrum rusticum – Brazil[14]
Geastrum saccatum
Geastrum schmidelii
Geastrum schweinitzii
Geastrum senoretiae[15]
Geastrum setiferum
Geastrum smardae
Geastrum smithii
Geastrum stiptatum
Geastrum striatum
Geastrum subiculosum
Geastrum tichifer
Geastrum triplex
Geastrum velutinum
Geastrum verrucoramulosum[16]
Geastrum welwitschii
Geastrum xerophilum
Geastrum xylogenum
References
Demoulin V. (1984). "Typification of Geastrum Pers.: Pers. and its orthographic variant Geaster (Gasteromycetes)". Taxon. 33 (3): 498–501. doi:10.2307/1220990. JSTOR 1220990.
Johnson MM. (1928). "The Gasteromycetae of Ohio". Ohio Biological Survey Bulletin 22. 4 (7): 271–352.
Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 274. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
Zamora JC, Calonge FD, Hosaka K, Martín MP (2014). "Systematics of the genus Geastrum (Basidiomycota, Fungi) revisited". Taxon. 63 (3): 477–97. doi:10.12705/633.36. S2CID 84225845.
Zamora, J.C. "Proposal to conserve the name Geastrum (Basidiomycota, Geastrales) with a conserved type". Taxon. 63 (3): 679–680. doi:10.12705/633.22.
Zamora JC, Calonge FD, Martín MP (2013). "New sources of taxonomic information for earthstars (Geastrum, Geastraceae, Basidiomycota): phenoloxidases and rhizomorph crystals". Phytotaxa. 132 (1): 1–20. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.132.1.1. hdl:10261/238837.
da Silva BDB, Cabral TS, Marinho P, Ishikawa NK, Baseia IG (2013). "Two new species of Geastrum (Geastraceae, Basidiomycota) found in Brazil" (PDF). Nova Hedwigia. 96 (3–4): 445–56. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2013/0089.
Fazolino EP, Calonge FD, Baseia IG (2008). "Geastrum entomophilum, a new earthstar with an unusual spore dispersal strategy". Mycotaxon. 104: 449–53.
Cabral TS, Silva BDB, Ishikawa NK, da Silva Alfredo D, Neto RB, Clement CR, Baseia IG (2014). "A new species and new records of gasteroid fungi (Basidiomycota) from Central Amazonia, Brazil". Phytotaxa. 184 (4): 239–53. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.183.4.3.
Domínguez De Toledo; Laura S. (1996). "Geastrum lilloi sp. nov. from Argentina". Mycologia. 88 (5): 858–62. doi:10.2307/3760982. JSTOR 3760982.
Crous PW, Wingfield MJ, Burgess TI, et al. (2018). "Fungal Planet description sheets: 716-784". Persoonia. 40: 240–393. doi:10.3767/persoonia.2018.40.10. PMC 6146637. PMID 30505003.
Kasuya T, Hosaka K, Uno K, Kakishima M (2012). "Phylogenetic placement of Geastrum melanocephalum and polyphyly of Geastrum triplex". Mycoscience. 53 (6): 411–426. doi:10.1007/s10267-012-0186-z. S2CID 83885541.
Douanla-Meli C, Langer E, Calonge FD (2005). "Geastrum pleosporus sp nov., a new species of Geastraceae identified by morphological and molecular phylogenetic data". Mycological Progress. 4 (3): 239–50. Bibcode:2005MycPr...4..239D. doi:10.1007/s11557-006-0127-3. hdl:10261/91826. S2CID 21970990.
Cabral TS, da Silva BDB, Marinho P, Baseia IG (2014). "Geastrum rusticum (Geastraceae, Basidiomycota), a new earthstar fungus in the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest − a molecular analysis". Nova Hedwigia. 98 (1–2): 265–72. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2013/0158.
Zamora JC, de Diego Calonge F, Martín MP (2014). "Combining morphological and phylogenetic analyses to unravel systematics in Geastrum sect. Schmidelia". Mycologia. 106 (6): 1199–211. doi:10.3852/14-072. hdl:10261/164436. PMID 25152001. S2CID 5578565.
Cabral TS, Sousa JO, da Silva BDB, Martin MP, Clement CR, Baseia IG (2017). "A remarkable new species of Geastrum with an elongated branched stipe". Mycoscience. 58 (5): 344–350. doi:10.1016/j.myc.2017.03.004. hdl:10261/163850.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/"
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License
