Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Fungi
Subregnum: Dikarya
Divisio: Basidiomycota
Subdivisio: Agaricomycotina
Classis: Agaricomycetes
Ordo: Polyporales
Familia: Polyporaceae
Genus: Ganoderma
Species: G. orbiforme
Ganoderma orbiforme – most commonly known as G. boninense or just Ganoderma in oil palm pathology – is a species of polypore fungus that is widespread across southeast Asia. It is a plant pathogen that causes basal stem rot, a disease of the African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). The fungus was first described scientifically in 1838 by Elias Magnus Fries from collections made in Guinea.[1] Leif Ryvarden transferred it to the genus Ganoderma in 2000.[2] In addition to its type locality, the fungus has also been collected from the Bonin Islands in the Pacific, and from Venezuela and Puerto Rico.[2]
Transmission
G. orbiforme is not a soil borne pathogen, meaning it does not grow in soil and does not infiltrate from soil and into the root system.[3]: 417 It is however also not killed by soil, and will reside in dead, buried palm trunk material.[3]: 417 This has especially been observed when Oryctes rhinoceros-infested material was buried.[3]: 417
Infection
G. orbiforme has a hemibiotrophic lifestyle in E. guineensis.[4] During an invasion, E. guineensis roots stockpile salicylic acid, which is a signal to downregulate its own expression of ascorbate oxidase and ascorbate peroxidase.[5] AO and AP are reactive oxygen species scavengers, and so the total effect is to increase ROS production.[5] This entire pathway was found by Ho et al., 2016.[5] Increased ROS is effective against hemibiotrophs but counterproductive against necrotrophs.[5]
Genetics
Microsatellite markers have been developed to help identify the fungus and study the genetic diversity of G. orbiforme.[6]
Research
Water agar is usable for isolation of this fungus, and is the simplest and cheapest.[7]: 21 CABI provides research and technique information for lab work with this pathogen.[7]
References
Fries, E.M. (1838). Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici (in Latin). Uppsala: Typ. Acad. p. 463.
Ryvarden, Leif (2000). "Studies in neotropical polypores 2: a preliminary key to neotropical species of Ganoderma with a laccate pileus". Mycologia. 92 (1): 180–191. doi:10.2307/3761462. JSTOR 3761462.
Corley, R. H. V.; Tinker, P. B. (2015-10-03). The Oil Palm. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781118953297. ISBN 978-1-118-95329-7. S2CID 132543108. S2CID 82631705.
Bahari, Mohammad Nazri Abdul; Sakeh, Nurshafika Mohd; Abdullah, Siti Nor Akmar; Ramli, Redzyque Ramza; Kadkhodaei, Saied (2018). "Transciptome profiling at early infection of Elaeis guineensis by Ganoderma boninense provides novel insights on fungal transition from biotrophic to necrotrophic phase". BMC Plant Biology. 18 (1). Springer: 377. doi:10.1186/s12870-018-1594-9. ISSN 1471-2229. PMC 6310985. PMID 30594134.
Singh, Yeshveer; Nair, Athira Mohandas; Verma, Praveen Kumar (2021). "Surviving the odds: From perception to survival of fungal phytopathogens under host-generated oxidative burst". Plant Communications. 2 (3). Cell Press (Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences + Chinese Society for Plant Biology): 100142. doi:10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100142. ISSN 2590-3462. PMC 8132124. PMID 34027389.
Mercière, Maxime; Laybats, Anthony; Carasco-Lacombe, Catherine; Tan, Joon Sheong; Klopp, Christophe; Durand-Gasselin, Tristan; Alwee, Sharifah Shahrul Rabiah Syed; Camus-Kulandaivelu, Létizia; Breton, Fréderic (2015). "Identification and development of new polymorphic microsatellite markers using genome assembly for Ganoderma boninense, causal agent of oil palm basal stem rot disease". Mycological Progress. 14 (11): 103. doi:10.1007/s11557-015-1123-2. Open access icon
Rahmaningsih, Miranti; Virdiana, Ike; Bahri, Syamsul; Anwar, Yassier; Forster, Brian; Breton, Frederic (2018). Nursery Screening for Ganoderma Response in Oil Palm Seedlings: A Manual. Techniques in Plantation Science Series. Boston, Ma, US: CABI (CAB International) + Verdant Bioscience + CIRAD. pp. xi + 69. ISBN 978-1-78639624-2. LCCN 2018016841. LCCN 201802304 201-802304. ISBN 9781786396266. ISBN 9781786396259.
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