Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Fungi
Subregnum: Dikarya
Divisio: Ascomycota
Subdivisio: Pezizomycotina
Classis: Sordariomycetes
Subclassis: Hypocreomycetidae
Ordo: Hypocreales
Familia: Clavicipitaceae
Genera: Aciculosporium – Aschersonia – Atkinsonella – Balansia – Balansiopsis – Cavimalum – Claviceps – Collarina – Conoideocrella – Corallocytostroma – Commelinaceomyces – Dussiella – Ephelis – Epichloë – Epicrea – Flammocladiella – Helicocollum – Helminthascus – Heteroepichloë – Hypocrella – Konradia – Loculistroma – Metacordyceps – Metapochonia – Metarhiziopsis – Metarhizium – Moelleriella – Mycomalus – Mycophilomyces – Myriogenospora – Neobarya – Neoclaviceps – Neocordyceps – Nigelia – Nigrocornus – Nomuraea – Orbiocrella – Paraisaria – Parepichloë – Periglandula – Pochonia – Pseudogibellula – Pseudomeria – Regiocrella – Rotiferophthora – Samuelsia – Shimizuomyces – Sphacelia – Sphaerocordyceps – Stereocrea – Tyrannicordyceps – Ustilaginoidea
Name
Clavicipitaceae Earle ex Rogerson, Mycologia 62: 900. 1971.
Synonyms
Flammocladiaceae Crous, L. Lombard & R.K. Schumach., 2015
References
Primary referencesAdditional references
Eriksson, O. 1982. Outline of the ascomycetes. Mycotaxon. 15:203-248
Mohr, C. 1901. Plant life of Alabama. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. 6:1-921
Sung, G.H. et al. 2007: Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi. Studies in mycology 57: 5-59. DOI: 10.3114/sim.2007.57.01 Reference page.
The Clavicipitaceae are a family of fungi within the order Hypocreales. A 2008 estimate placed 43 genera in the family,[1] but a study in 2020 has increased this number to 50.[2]
Phylogeny
Molecular phylogenetic analysis of multigene DNA sequence data indicates the taxon Clavicipitaceae is paraphyletic, and consists of three well-defined clades, at least one of which is shared with members of another fungal family (Hypocreaceae).[3] The evolution within the Clavicipitaceae is marked by interkingdom host jumping, and the range of this large and heterogeneous fungal group spans mutualistic plant symbionts, as well as parasites of plants, insects, and other fungi.[4]
Significance
Many of its members produce alkaloids toxic to animals and humans. One of its most infamous species is Claviceps purpurea, which has historical significance as the cause of St. Anthony's fire, also known as ergotism. Ergotism is caused by ergot alkaloids, such as ergotamine and ergocristine, which are chemical derivatives of lysergic acid. Metarhizium species are widely used in the biological control of insect pests.[5]
Genera
Several genera, especially those previously described as "anamorphic" (having no known sexual cycle) are now re-classified into other families, in light of current molecular and other evidence. As of November 2024, the following genera are placed in the family Clavicipitaceae:[6]
Aciculosporium I. Miyake (1908)
Allocordyceps Poinar (2021)
Aschersonia Mont. (1848)
Atkinsonella Diehl (1950)
Balansia Speg. (1885)
Balansiopsis Höhn. (1910)
Berkelella (Sacc.) Sacc. (1891)
Cavimalum Yoshim. Doi, Dargan & K.S. Thind (1977)
Claviceps Tul. (1853)
Commelinaceomyces E. Tanaka (2020)
Conoideocrella D. Johnson, G.H. Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora (2009)
Corallocytostroma Y.N. Yu & Z.Y. Zhang (1980)
Drechmeria W. Gams & H.-B. Jansson (1985)
Dussiella Pat. (1890)
Ephelis Fr. (1849)
Epichloe (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul. (1865)
Epicrea Petr. (1950)
Harposporium Lohde (1874)
Helicocollum Luangsa-ard, Mongkols., Noisrip. & Thanak. (2017)
Helminthascus Tranzschel (1898)
Heteroepichloe E. Tanaka, C. Tanaka, Gafur & Tsuda (2002)
Hypocrella Sacc. (1878)
Keithomyces Samson, Luangsa-ard & Houbraken (2020)
Konradia Racib. (1900)
Linearistroma Höhn. 1910)
Loculistroma F. Patt. & Charles (1910)
Marquandomyces Samson, Houbraken & Luangsa-ard (2020)
Metacordyceps G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora (2007)
Metapochonia Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
Metarhiziopsis D.W. Li, R.S. Cowles & C.R. Vossbrinck (2008)
Metarhizium Sorokīn (1879)
Moelleriella Bres. (1897)
Morakotia Mongkols., Noisrip., Khons., Thanakitp. & Luangsa-ard (2021)
Mycomalus A. Möller (1901)
MycophilomycesCrous & M.J. Wingf. (2016)
Myriogenospora G.F. Atk. (1894)
Neoaraneomyces W.H. Chen, Y.F. Han, J.D. Liang & Z.Q. Liang (2022)
Neobarya Lowen (1986)
Neocordyceps Kobayasi (1984)
Nigelia Luangsa-ard, Tasan. & Thanak. (2017)
Nigrocornus Ryley & Langdon (2003)
Orbiocrella D. Johnson, G.H. Sung, Hywel-Jones & Spatafora (2009)
†Palaeoclaviceps Poinar, S.C. Alderman & J. Wunderl. (2015)
Parametarhizium S. Gao, W. Meng, Li Xiang Zhang, Q. Yue & L.J. Xu (2021)
Parepichloe J.F. White & P.V. Reddy (1998)
Petchia Thanakitp., Mongkols. & Luangsa-ard (2020)
Pochonia Bat. & O.M. Fonseca (1965)
Polynema Lév. (1846)
Pseudomeria G.L. Barron (1980)
Pseudometarhizium W.H. Chen, Y.F. Han, J.D. Liang & Z.Q. Liang (2022)
Purpureomyces Luangsa-ard, Samson & Thanakitp. (2020)
Regiocrella P. Chaverri & K.T. Hodge (2006)
Romanoa Thirum. (1954)
Rotiferophthora G.L. Barron (1991)
Samuelsia P. Chaverri & K.T. Hodge (2008)
Shimizuomyces Kobayasi (1981)
Sphaerocordyceps Kobayasi (1981)
Stereocrea Syd. & P. Syd. (1917)
Sungia Luangsa-ard, Samson & Thanakitp. (2020)
Tyrannicordyceps Kepler & Spatafora (2012)
Ustilaginoidea Bref. (1895)
Yosiokobayasia Samson, Luangsa-ard & Thanakitp (2020)
References
Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford: CABI. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:10481/61998.
Sung GH, Sung JM, Hywel-Jones NL, Spatafora JW (September 2007). "A multi-gene phylogeny of Clavicipitaceae (Ascomycota, Fungi): identification of localized incongruence using a combinational bootstrap approach". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 44 (3): 1204–23. Bibcode:2007MolPE..44.1204S. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.03.011. PMID 17555990.
Spatafora JW, Sung GH, Sung JM, Hywel-Jones NL, White JF Jr (2007). "Phylogenetic evidence for an animal pathogen origin of ergot and the grass endophytes". Mol. Ecol. 16 (8): 1701–1711. Bibcode:2007MolEc..16.1701S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03225.x. PMID 17402984.
Capinera JL. (2008). Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 2354–7. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1.
"Index Fungorum - Search Page". www.indexfungorum.org. Retrieved 2024-11-21.
Other sources
C.J. Alexopolous, Charles W. Mims, M. Blackwell et al., Introductory Mycology, 4th ed. (John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken NJ, 2004) ISBN 978-0-471-52229-4
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