Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Fungi
Subregnum: Zoopagomyceta
Divisio: Entomophthoromycota
Subdivisio: Entomophthoromycotina
Classis: Entomophthoromycetes
Ordo: Entomophthorales
Familia: Entomophthoraceae
Genus: Batkoa
Species: B. amrascae – B. apiculata – B. cercopidis – B. dysderci – B. gigantea – B. hydrophila – B. limoniae – B. major – B. papillata – B. pseudapiculata
Name
Batkoa Humber, 1989
References
Links
Batkoa is a genus of fungi within the family of Entomophthoraceae and order Entomophthorales of the Zygomycota.[2] This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis (Gryganskyi et al. 2012).[3]
The genus name of Batkoa is named by the American mycologist Richard A. Humber in 1989 to honor the Polish mycologist Andrzej Batko (1933-1997).[1]
The presence of rhizoids and having globose (rounded) rather than pear-shaped conidia helps identify Batkoa species from Entomophaga species.[4]
Description
The Hyphal bodies are elongated and walled (but not proto-plastic). The condiphores are simple with narrow 'neck' between the condium and condiogenous cell. The primary condia are globose and round, multi-nucleate, discharged by papillar eversion. The rhizoids (if present) are thicker than the vegetative hypae, with terminal discoid holdfast. The resting spores bud laterally from the parental cell. Unfixed nuclei have granular contents stained by aceto-orcein.[5]
Infection
Generally, when an insect (or host) comes in contact with Batkoa spores, they enter its body through leg joints or other chinks in its armor or through gaps in the 'skin'. The spores then start to multiply. As the fungi begin to overwhelm the insect, it stops eating, mating and crawls (or flies short distances) to a high, exposed place like on the side of a tree trunk or at the tip of a tall grass blade. There the fungus sends out threadlike hyphae from within the bug and attaching the insect to its perch, securely. The Batkoa fungus somehow triggers the host insect to open its wings fully, exposing its soft abdomen completely. That is the last time the host moves. Finally, the very small spores are expelled out from the insect’s belly, showering everything below with spores and potentially, 'powdered death'.[6]
Hosts
Batkoa major is known to infect the invasive spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) in north-eastern North America,[7] including Pennsylvania.[8] No other recorded insects have been killed by Batkoa major in the Pennsylvania area.[9] Batkoa major is also a host on the ptilodactylid beetle (Ptilodactyla serricollis in Maine and North Carolina.[4] The pine beauty moth (Panolis flammea) in Scotland.[10] It was also found on aphid, Myzodium modestrum in Sweden (Gustafsson, 1965).
In June 2007, an epizootic was observed in a crane fly (Tipula sp.) population in an area between Galugah to Bishehband in Mazandaran Province of Iran. The fungus was identified as Batkoa apiculata (Thaxter) Humber.[11] Batkoa apiculata has also been reported discovered on 3 species of aphid in France (Thoizon, 1970) and while in Poland, it was found on a wide range of insects (Balazy, 1993).[4] Baktoa apiculata has also been found on moth, Mentaxya muscosa (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in Africa.[12]
Various Batkoa species and also Furia species are being studied for the control of the (spittlebugs) cercopids Mahanarva fimbriolata and Deois schach which are known pests of sugarcane and pastures in Brazil.[13][14]
Batkoa amrascae S. Keller & Villac. (1997) infects the cotton leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in the Philippines.[15]
In Spain, Batkoa apiculata was found on Diptera Nematocera and Batkoa limoniae was found on Diptera Limoniidae.[16]
Distribution
It has been recorded being found mainly in North America and Great Britain,[17] with a few other recordings elsewhere. Such as parts of Europe; France, Poland, Sweden,[4] Spain,[16] Iran,[11] the Philippines,[15] and Brazil.[13][14] Batkoa hydrophila,[18] and Batkoa gigantea has been recorded found in Switzerland.[19]
Species
As accepted by Species Fungorum;[20]
Batkoa amrascae S. Keller & Villac. (1997)[15]
Batkoa apiculata (Thaxt.) Humber (1989)[11]
Batkoa cercopidis (S. Keller) B. Huang, Humber & K.T. Hodge (2007)
Batkoa dysderci (Viégas) Humber (1989)
Batkoa gigantea (S. Keller) Humber (1989)
Batkoa hydrophila S. Keller (2007)
Batkoa limoniae (S. Keller) Niell & Santam. (2001)[16]
Batkoa major (Thaxt.) Humber (1989)
Batkoa papillata (Thaxt.) Humber (1989)
Batkoa pseudapiculata (S. Keller) B. Huang, Humber & K.T. Hodge (2007)
References
Humber, R. A. 1989. Mycotaxon 34, 441-460.
Elya, Carolyn; De Fine Licht, Henrik H. (12 November 2021). "The genus Entomophthora: bringing the insect destroyers into the twenty-first century &". IMA Fungus. 12 (34): 34. doi:10.1186/s43008-021-00084-w. PMC 8588673. PMID 34763728.
Gryganskyi AP, Humber RA, Smith ME et al (2012) Molecular phylogeny of the Entomophthoromycota. Mol Phylogenet Evol 65:682–694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.026
N. Amaresan, M. Senthil Kumar, K. Annapurna, Krishna Kumar and N. Sankaranaryanan (Editors) Beneficial Microbes in Agro-Ecology: Bacteria and Fungi (2020), p. 762, at Google Books
Lawrence A. Lacey (Editor) Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology (2012), p. 162, at Google Books
Hetzler, Paul (3 August 2019). "Think again: your microbiome (or your cat) might have made you do it". NCPR. Canton, New York. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
Hajek, Ann E.; Clifton, Eric H.; Stefanik, Sarah E.; Harris, David C. (October 2022). "Batkoa major infecting the invasive planthopper Lycorma delicatula". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 194: 107821. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2022.107821. PMID 36030881.
McDevitt, Rachel (8 May 2019). "Native fungi found to be deadly to invasive pest in Pa". WHYY. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
Ramanujan, Krishna (29 April 2019). "Destructive plant pest thwarted by two native fungi". Cornell Chronicle. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
(Barry), Hicks, B. J. (2001). The history and control of the pine beauty moth, Panolis flammea (D. & S.), (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Scotland from 1976 to 2000. OCLC 704106173.
Ghazavi, Mehran; Zangeneh, S.; Hywel-Jones, Nigel; Zare, Rasoul (January 2008). "Batkoa apiculata, a new species of Entomophthorales for Iran". Rostaniha. 30: 130–132.
African Plant Protection African Plant Protection, Volumes 4-7 (1998), p. 48, at Google Books
Leite, L.G.; Alves, S.B.; Filho, A. Batista; Almeida, J.E.M.; Roberts, D.W. (July 2002). "PRESERVATION OF BATKOA SP. AND FURIA SP. (ENTOMOPHTHORALES) DRY MYCELIUM WITH COMBINATIONS OF DESICCANTS AND OXYGEN REDUCERS". Arq. Inst. Biol. 69 (3). São Paulo: 117–122.
Leite, Luis G.; Alves, Sérgio B.; Batista Filho, Antonio; Roberts, Donald W. (July 2003). "Effect of salts, vitamins, sugars and nitrogen sources on the growth of three genera of Entomophthorales: Batkoa, Furia, and Neozygites". Mycol. Res. 107 (7): 872–8. doi:10.1017/s0953756203007974. PMID 12967215.
Philippine Association of Entomologists Philippine Entomologist, Volumes 11-12 (1997), p. 81, at Google Books
H.R. Engelmann (J. Cramer, Editor) Nova Hedwigia, Volume 73; Volume 73 (2001), p. 167, at Google Books
"Batkoa Humber". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
F. Berger Sydowia, Volumes 58-59 (2006), p. 75, at Google Books
Kirk PM (2019). Zygomycetes (version Oct 2017). In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalog of Life, 2019 Annual Checklist (Roskov Y., Ower G., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Bailly N., Kirk PM, Bourgoin T., DeWalt RE, Decock W., Nieukerken E van, Zarucchi J., Penev L., eds.). Digital resource at www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2019. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-884X.
"Batkoa - Search Page". www.speciesfungorum.org. Species Fungorum. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
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