Agaricus

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Fungi
Subregnum: Dikarya
Divisio: Basidiomycota
Subdivisio: Agaricomycotina
Classis: Agaricomycetes
Subclassis: Agaricomycetidae
Ordo: Agaricales
Subordo: Agaricineae
Familia: Agaricaceae
Genus: Agaricus
Subgenera: A. subg. Agaricus – A. subg. Flavoagaricus – A. subg. Minores – A. subg. Minoriopsis – A. subg. Pseudochitonia – A. subg. Spissicaules

Species (incertae sedis): A. altipes – A. amanitiformis – A. bernardiiformis – A. evertens – A. heinemannii – A. impudicus – A. macrosporoides – A. moellerianus – A. osecanus – A. pachydermus – A. porphyrizon – A. porphyrocephalus – A. patialensis – A. stijvei – A. subrufescens – A. tennesseensis – A. velenovskyi – A. vinaceovirens – A. zelleri
Name

Agaricus L., 1753
Type Species: Agaricus campestris L., 1753
Synonyms

Amanita Dill. ex Boehm., Defin. Gen. Pl.: 490 (1760)
Araneosa Long, Mycologia 33(4): 351 (1941)
Fungus Tourn., (1694)
Fungus Tourn. ex Adans., Fam. Pl. 2: 12 (1763)
Hypophyllum Paulet, Traité champ. (Paris) 1: 96 (1793)
Longia Zeller, Mycologia 35(4): 414 (1943)
Longula Zeller, Mycologia 37(5): 636 (1945)
Myces Paulet, (1808)
Pratella (Pers.) Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. (London) 1: 626 (1821)
Psalliota (Fr.) P.Kumm., Führ. Pilzk. (Zerbst): 23 (1871)

References
Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum.

Additional references

Zhao, R.L., Zhou, J.L., Chen, J., Margaritescu, S., Sánchez-Ramírez, S., Hyde, K.D., Callac, P., Parra, L.A., Li, G.J. and Moncalvo, J.M., 2016. Towards standardizing taxonomic ranks using divergence times–a case study for reconstruction of the Agaricus taxonomic system. Fungal diversity, 78(1), pp.239-292. DOI: 10.1007/s13225-016-0357-x

Links

Index Fungorum: IF 17030
MycoBank: MB 17030

Vernacular names
беларуская: Шампіньён
čeština: Pečárka
Deutsch: Champignon
English: Button mushroom
eesti: Šampinjon
magyar: Csiperkék
norsk nynorsk: Sjampinjongslekta
norsk: Sjampinjongslekta
polski: Pieczarka
русский: Шампиньон
shqip: Kërpudha të bardha
svenska: Champinjoner

Agaricus is a genus of mushroom-forming fungi containing both edible and poisonous species, with over 400 members worldwide[2][3] and possibly again as many disputed or newly-discovered species. The genus includes the common ("button") mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and the field mushroom (A. campestris), the dominant cultivated mushrooms of the West.
Description

Members of Agaricus are characterized by having a fleshy cap or pileus, from the underside of which grow a number of radiating plates or gills, on which are produced the naked spores. They are distinguished from other members of their family, Agaricaceae, by their chocolate-brown spores. Members of Agaricus also have a stem or stipe, which elevates it above the object on which the mushroom grows, or substrate, and a partial veil, which protects the developing gills and later forms a ring or annulus on the stalk.
Taxonomy
1855 field notes with synonymy of Hypophyllum (quoted literature) with Omphalia and Agaricus (added handwritten notes)

Several origins of genus name Agaricus have been proposed. It possibly originates from ancient Sarmatia Europaea, where people Agari, promontory Agarum and a river Agarus were known (all located on the northern shore of Sea of Azov, probably, near modern Berdiansk in Ukraine).[4][5][6]

Note also Greek ἀγαρικόν, agarikón, "a sort of tree fungus" (There has been an Agaricon Adans. genus, treated by Donk in Persoonia 1:180.)

For many years, members of the genus Agaricus were given the generic name Psalliota, and this can still be seen in older books on mushrooms. All proposals to conserve Agaricus against Psalliota or vice versa have so far been considered superfluous.[7]

Dok reports Linnaeus' name is devalidated (so the proper author citation apparently is "L. per Fr., 1821") because Agaricus was not linked to Tournefort's name. Linnaeus places both Agaricus Dill. and Amanita Dill. in synonymy, but truly a replacement for Amanita Dill., which would require A. quercinus, not A. campestris be the type. This question is compounded because Fries himself used Agaricus roughly in Linnaeus' sense (which leads to issues with Amanita), and A. campestris was eventually excluded from Agaricus by Karsten and was apparently in Lepiota at the time Donk wrote this, commenting that a type conservation might become necessary.[8]

The alternate name for the genus, Psalliota, derived from the Greek psalion/ψάλιον, "ring", was first published by Fries (1821) as trib. Psalliota. The type is Agaricus campestris (widely accepted, except by Earle, who proposed A. cretaceus). Paul Kummer (not Quélet, who merely excluded Stropharia) was the first to elevate the tribe to a genus. Psalliota was the tribe containing the type of Agaricus, so when separated, it should have caused the rest of the genus to be renamed, but this is not what happened.[9]
Phylogeny

The use of phylogenetic analysis to determine evolutionary relationships amongst Agaricus species has increased the understanding of this taxonomically difficult genus, although much work remains to be done to fully delineate infrageneric relationships. Prior to these analyses, the genus Agaricus, as circumscribed by Rolf Singer, was divided into 42 species grouped into five sections based on reactions of mushroom tissue to air or various chemical reagents, as well as subtle differences in mushroom morphology.[10] Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis demonstrated this classification scheme needed revision.[11]
Subdivisions

As of 2018, this genus is divided into 6 subgenera and more than 20 sections:[12][13][14]
Brown field mushroom, Agaricus cupreobrunneus (Jul.Schäff. & Steer 1939) Pilát 1951

Subgenus Agaricus

Section Agaricus

This is the group around the type species of the genus, the popular edible A. campestris which is common across the Holarctic temperate zone, and has been introduced to some other regions. One of the more ancient lineages of the genus, it contains species typically found in open grassland such as A. cupreobrunneus, and it also includes at least one undescribed species. Their cap surface is whitish to pale reddish-brown and smooth to slightly fibrous, the flesh usually without characteristic smell, fairly soft, whitish, and remaining so after injury, application of KOH, or Schäffer's test (aniline and HNO3). A. annae may also belong here, as might A. porphyrocephalus, but the flesh of the latter blushes red when bruised or cut, and it has an unpleasant smell of rotten fish when old; these traits are generally associated with subgenus Pseudochitonia, in particular section Chitonioides. The A. bresadolanus/radicatus/romagnesii group which may be one or several species is sometimes placed here, but may be quite distinct and belong to subgenus Spissicaules.

Agaricus osecanus Pilát 1951

Subgenus Flavoagaricus

Section Arvense Konrad & Maubl. (sometimes named Arvensis)

Traditionally contained about 20 rather large species similar to the horse mushroom A. arvensis in six subgroups. Today, several additional species are recognized – in particular in the A. arvensis species complex – and placed here, such as A. aestivalis, A. augustus, A. caroli, A. chionodermus, A. deserticola (formerly Longula texensis), A. fissuratus, A. inapertus (formerly Endoptychum depressum), A. macrocarpus, A. nivescens, A. osecanus, A. silvicola and the doubtfully distinct A. essettei, A. urinascens, and the disputed taxa A. abruptibulbus, A. albertii, A. altipes, A. albolutescens, A. brunneolus, A. excellens and A. macrosporus. It also includes A. subrufescens which started to be widely grown and traded under various obsolete and newly-invented names in the early 21st century, as well as the Floridan A. blazei with which the Brazilian A. subrufescens was often confused in the past. They have versatile heterothallic life cycles,[15] are found in a variety of often rather arid habitats, and typically have a smooth white to scaly light brown cap. The flesh, when bruised, usually turns distinctly yellow to pinkish in particular on the cap, while the end of the stalk may remain white; a marked yellow stain is caused by applying KOH. Their sweetish smell of almond extract or marzipan due to benzaldehyde and derived compounds distinguishes them from the section Xanthodermatei, as does a bright dark-orange to brownish-red coloration in Schäffer's test. Many members of this subgenus are highly regarded as food, and even medically beneficial, but at least some are known to accumulate cadmium and other highly toxic chemicals from the environment, and may not always be safe to eat.

Agaricus diminutivus Peck 1873
Agaricus comtulus Fr. 1836/1838

Subgenus Minores

A group of buff-white to reddish-brown species. Often delicate and slender, the typical members of this subgenus do not resemble the larger Agaricus species at a casual glance, but have the same telltale chocolate-brown gills at spore maturity. Their flesh has a barely noticeable to pronounced sweetish smell, typically almond-like, turns yellowish to brownish-red when cut or bruised at least in the lower stalk, yellow to orange with KOH, and orange to red in Schäffer's test. Species such as A. aridicola (formerly known as Gyrophragmium dunalii), A. colpeteii, A. columellatus (formerly Araneosa columellata), A. diminutivus, A. dulcidulus, A. lamelliperditus, A. luteomaculatus, A. porphyrizon, A. semotus and A. xantholepis are included here, but delimitation to and indeed distinctness from subgenus Flavoagaricus is a long-standing controversy. Unlike these however, subgenus Minores contains no choice edible species, and may even include some slightly poisonous ones; most are simply too small to make collecting them for food worthwhile, and their edibility is unknown.

Section Leucocarpi

Includes A. leucocarpus.

Section Minores

Includes A. comtulus and A. huijsmanii.

Unnamed section

Includes A. candidolutescens and an undescribed relative.

Subgenus Minoriopsis

Somewhat reminiscent of subgenus Minores and like it closely related to subgenus Flavoagaricus, it contains species such as A. martinicensis and A. rufoaurantiacus.

Agaricus bohusii Bon 1983
Agaricus subfloccosus(J.E.Lange 1926) Hlaváček/Pilát 1951
Agaricus cappellianus Hlaváček 1987
Felt-ringed agaricus, Agaricus hondensis Murrill 1912
Agaricus pattersoniae Peck 1907
Agaricus trisulphuratus Berk. 1885
Yellow-staining mushroom, Agaricus xanthodermus Genev. 1876

Subgenus Pseudochitonia

This highly diverse clade of mid-sized to largish species makes up much the bulk of the genus' extant diversity, and this subgenus contains numerous as of yet undescribed species. It includes both the most prized edible as well as the most notoriously poisonous Agaricus, and some of its sections are in overall appearance more similar to the more distantly related Agaricus proper and Flavoagaricus than to their own closest relatives. Some species in this subgenus, such as A. goossensiae and A. rodmanii, are not yet robustly assigned to one of the sections.

Section Bohusia

Includes A. bohusii which resembles one of the dark-capped Flavoagaricus or Xanthodermatei but does not stain yellow with the standard (10%) KOH testing solution. It is a woodland species, edible when young, but when mature and easily distinguished from similar species it may be slightly poisonous. Other members of this section include A. crassisquamosus, A. haematinus, and A. pseudolangei.

Section Brunneopicti

A section notable for containing a considerable number of undescribed species in addition to A. bingensis, A. brunneopictus, A. brunneosquamulosus, A. chiangmaiensis, A. duplocingulatus, A. megacystidiatus, A. niveogranulatus, A. sordidocarpus, A. subsaharianus, and A. toluenolens.

Section Chitonioides

Contains species such as A. bernardii and the doubtfully distinct A. bernardiiformis, A. gennadii, A. nevoi, A. pequinii, A. pilosporus and A. rollanii, which strongly resemble the members of section Duploannulatae and are as widely distributed. However, their flesh tends to discolor more strongly red when bruised or cut, with the discoloration slowly getting stronger. Their smell is usually also more pronounced umami-like, in some even intensely so. Some are edible and indeed considered especially well-tasting, while the unusual A. maleolens which may also belong here has an overpowering aroma which renders it inedible except perhaps in small amounts as a vegan fish sauce substitute.

Section Crassispori

Related to section Xanthodermatei as traditionally circumscribed, it includes such species as A. campestroides, A. lamellidistans, and A. variicystis.

Section Cymbiformes He, Chuankid, Hyde, Cheewangkoon & Zhao

A section proposed in 2018, it is closely related to the traditional section Xanthodermatei. The type species A. angusticystidiatus from Thailand is a smallish beige Agaricus with characteristic boat-shaped basidiospores. It has a strong unpleasant smell like members of section Xanthodermatei, but unlike these, its flesh does not change color when bruised, but turns dark reddish-brown when cut, and neither application of KOH nor Schäffer's test elicit a change in color.[14]

Section Duploannulatae (also known as section Bivelares or Hortenses)

Traditionally often included in section Agaricus as subsection Bitorques, it seems to belong to a much younger radiation. It unites robust species, usually with a thick, almost fleshy ring, which inhabit diverse but often nutrient-rich locations. Some are well-known edibles; as they are frequently found along roads and in similar polluted places, they may not be safe to eat if collected from the wild. Their flesh is rather firm, white, with no characteristic smell, in some species turning markedly reddish when bruised or cut (though this may soon fade again), and generally changing color barely if at all after application of KOH or Schäffer's test. Based on DNA analysis of ITS1, ITS2, and 5.8S sequences, the studied species of this section could be divided into six distinct clades, four of which correspond to well-known species from the temperate Northern Hemisphere: A. bisporus, A. bitorquis (and the doubtfully distinct A. edulis), A. cupressicola and A. vaporarius. The other two clades comprise the A. devoniensis (including A. subperonatus) and A. subfloccosus (including A. agrinferus) species complexes.[16] Additional members of this section not included in that study are A. cappellianus, A. cupressophilus, A. subsubensis, A. taeniatus, A. tlaxcalensis, and at least one undescribed species.[17] The cultivated mushrooms traded as A. sinodeliciosus also belong here, though their relationship to the A. devoniensis complex and A. vaporarius is unclear.

Section Flocculenti

Includes A. erectosquamosus and A. pallidobrunneus; a more distant undescribed relative of these two may also belong in this section.

Section Hondenses (disputed)

Traditionally included in section Xanthodermatei sensu lato, this clade may be included therein as the most basal branch, or considered a section in its own right. It includes such species as A. biannulatus, A. freirei and its North American relatives A. grandiomyces, A. hondensis, and probably also A. phaeolepidotus. They are very similar to section Xanthodermatei sensu stricto in all aspects, except for a weaker discoloration tending towards reddish rather than chrome yellow when bruised.

Section Nigrobrunnescentes

Includes A. biberi, A. caballeroi, A. desjardinii, A. erthyrosarx, A. fuscovelatus, A. nigrobrunnescens, A. padanus, A. pattersoniae, and probably also A. boisselettii.

Section Rubricosi

Includes A. dolichopus, A. kunmingensis, A. magnivelaris, A. variabilicolor, and at least two undescribed species.

Section Sanguinolenti

Usually found in woodland. Brownish cap with a fibrous surface, typically felt-like but sometimes scaly. The fairly soft flesh turns pink, blood-red or orange when cut or scraped, in particular the outer layer of the stalk, but does not change color after application of KOH or Schäffer's test. Some North American species traditionally placed here, such as A. amicosus and A. brunneofibrillosus, do not seem to be closely related to the section's type species A. silvaticus (including A. haemorrhoidarius which is sometimes considered a distinct species), and represent at least a distinct subsection. Other species often placed in this section are A. benesii, A. dilutibrunneus, A. impudicus, A. koelerionensis, A. langei and A. variegans; not all of these may actually belong here. They are generally (though not invariably) regarded as edible and tasty.

Section Trisulphurati (disputed)

Includes the A. trisulphuratus species complex which is often placed in genus Cystoagaricus, but seems to be a true Agaricus closely related to the traditional section Xanthodermatei. Their stalk is typically bright yellow-orange, quite unlike that of other Agaricus, as is the scaly cap. A.trisulphuratus was the type species of the obsolete polyphyletic subgenus Lanagaricus, whose former species are now placed in various other sections.

Section Xanthodermatei

As outlined by Singer in 1948, this section includes species with various characteristics similar to the type species A. xanthodermus.[18] The section forms a single clade based on analysis of ITS1+2.[19] They are either bright white all over, or have a cap densely flecked with brownish scales or tufts of fibers. The ring is usually large but thin and veil-like. Most inhabit woodland, and in general they have a more or less pronounced unpleasant smell of phenolic compounds such as hydroquinone. As food, they should all be avoided, because even though they are occasionally reported to be eaten without ill effect, the chemicals they contain give them a acrid, metallic taste, especially when cooked, and are liable to cause severe gastrointestinal upset. Their flesh at least in the lower stalk turns pale yellow to intensely reddish-ochre when bruised or cut; more characteristic however is the a bright yellow reaction with KOH while Schäffer's test is negative. Apart from A. xanthodermus, the core group of this section contains species such as A. atrodiscus, A. californicus, A. endoxanthus and the doubtfully distinct A. rotalis, A. fuscopunctatus, A. iodosmus, A. laskibarii, A. microvolvatulus, A. menieri, A. moelleri, A. murinocephalus, A. parvitigrinus, A. placomyces, A. pocillator, A. pseudopratensis, A. tibetensis, A. tollocanensis, A. tytthocarpus, A. xanthodermulus, A. xanthosarcus, as well as at least 4 undescribed species, and possibly A. cervinifolius and the doubtfully distinct A. infidus. Whether such species as A. bisporiticus, A. nigrogracilis and A. pilatianus are more closely related to the mostly Eurasian core group, or to the more basal lineage here separated as section Hondenses, requires clarification.

Agaricus lanipes(F.H.Møller & Jul.Schäff. 1938) Hlaváček 1949 ex Pilát/Singer 1951

Subgenus Spissicaules

The flesh of members of this subgenus tends to turn more or less pronouncedly yellowish in the lower stalk, where the skin is often rough and scaly, and reddish in the cap. They typically resemble the darker members of subgenus Flavoagaricus, with a sweet smell and mild taste; like that subgenus, Spissicaules belongs to the smaller of the two main groups of the genus, but they form entirely different branch therein. While some species are held to be edible, others are considered unappetizing or even slightly poisonous. Also includes A. lanipes and A. maskae, which probably belong to section Rarolentes or Spissicaules, and possibly also A. bresadolanus and its doubtfully distinct relatives A. radicatus/romagnesii.

Section Amoeni

Includes A. amoenus and A. gratolens.

Section Rarolentes

Includes A. albosquamosus and A. leucolepidotus.

Section Spissicaules (Hainem.) Kerrigan

Includes species such as A. leucotrichus/litoralis (of which A. spissicaulis is a synonym, but see also Geml et al. 2004[13]) and A. litoraloides. Most significantly, some species have a persistent and unpleasant rotting-wood smell entirely unlike the sweet aroma of Flavoagaricus, and while not known to be poisonous, are certainly unpalatable.

Section Subrutilescentes

Includes A. brunneopilatus, A. linzhinensis and A. subrutilescens. Somewhat similar to section Sanguinolenti or the dark-capped species of section Xanthodermatei, but the flesh does not show a pronounced red or yellow color change when cut or bruised. Edibility is disputed.

Selected species

The fungal genus Agaricus as late as 2008 was believed to contain about 200 species worldwide[20] but since then, molecular phylogenetic studies have revalidated several disputed species, as well as resolved some species complexes, and aided in discovery and description of a wide range of mostly tropical species that were formerly unknown to science. As of 2020, the genus is believed to contain no fewer than 400 species, and possibly many more.

The medicinal mushroom known in Japan as Echigoshirayukidake (越後白雪茸) was initially also thought to be an Agaricus, either a subspecies of Agaricus "blazei"[21] (i.e. A. subrufescens), or a new species.[22] It was eventually identified as sclerotium of the crust-forming bark fungus Ceraceomyces tessulatus, which is not particularly closely related to Agaricus.

Several secotioid (puffball-like) fungi have in recent times be recognized as highly aberrant members of 'Agaricus, and are now included here. These typically inhabit deserts where few fungi – and even fewer of the familiar cap-and-stalk mushroom shape – grow. Another desert species, A. zelleri, was erroneously placed in the present genus and is now known as Gyrophragmium californicum. In addition, the scientific names Agaricus and – even more so – Psalliota were historically often used as a "wastebasket taxon" for any and all similar mushrooms, regardless of their actual relationships.

Species either confirmed or suspected to belong into this genus include:
Agaricus alligator Murrill 1945
Agaricus andrewii A.E.Freeman 1979
Agaricus approximans Peck 1909
Agaricus austrovinaceus Grgur. & T.W.May 1997
Agaricus buckmacadooi Kerrigan 2016
Agaricus crocodilinus Murrill 1912
Agaricus crocopeplusBerk. & Broome 1871
Agaricus devoniensis P.D.Orton 1960
Agaricus endoxanthus'Berk. & Broome 1871
Agaricus incultorum Kerrigan 2016
Agaricus merrilli Copel. 1905
Agaricus moronii Kerrigan 2016
Agaricus nanaugustus Kerrigan 2016
Agaricus porphyrizon P.D.Orton 1960
Agaricus rhoadsii Murrill 1939
Agaricus subperonatus (J.E.Lange 1926) Singer 1949
Agaricus vaporarius (Pers. 1801) J.Otto 1816
Agaricus vinosobrunneofumidusKerrigan 2016

Agaricus abramsii
Agaricus abruptibulbus – abruptly-bulbous agaricus, flat-bulb mushroom (disputed)
Agaricus aestivalis
Agaricus agrinferus (disputed)
Agaricus agrocyboides
Agaricus alabamensis
Agaricus alachuanus
Agaricus albidoperonatus
Agaricus albertii Bon (1988) (disputed)
Agaricus alboargillascens
Agaricus alboides
Agaricus albolutescens (disputed)
Agaricus albosanguineus
Agaricus albosquamosus
Agaricus alligator
Agaricus altipes Møller (often united with A.aestivalis)[23]
Agaricus amanitiformis
Agaricus amicosus
Agaricus amoenomyces
Agaricus amoenus
Agaricus andrewii Freeman[23]
Agaricus angelicus
Agaricus angusticystidiatus
Agaricus anisarius
Agaricus annae
Agaricus annulospecialis
Agaricus approximans
Agaricus arcticus
Agaricus argenteopurpureus
Agaricus argenteus
Agaricus argentinus[24]
Agaricus argyropotamicus
Agaricus argyrotectus
Agaricus aridicola Geml, Geiser & Royse (2004) (formerly in Gyrophragmium)[13]
Agaricus aristocratus
Agaricus arizonicus
Agaricus armandomyces
Agaricus arorae
Agaricus arrillagarum
Agaricus arvensis – horse mushroom
Agaricus atrodiscus
Agaricus augustus – the prince
Agaricus aurantioviolaceus
Agaricus auresiccescens
Agaricus australiensis
Agaricus austrovinaceus
Agaricus azoetes
Agaricus babosiae
Agaricus badioniveus
Agaricus bajan-agtensis
Agaricus balchaschensis
Agaricus bambusae
Agaricus bambusophilus
Agaricus basianulosus
Agaricus beelii
Agaricus bellanniae
Agaricus benesii
Agaricus benzodorus
Agaricus bernardii – salt-loving mushroom
Agaricus bernardiiformis (disputed)
Agaricus berryessae
Agaricus biannulatus Mua, L.A.Parra, Cappelli & Callac (2012) (Europe)[25]
Agaricus biberi
Agaricus bicortinatellus
Agaricus bilamellatus
Agaricus bingensis
Agaricus bisporatus
Agaricus bisporiticus (Asia)[26]
Agaricus bisporus – cultivated/button/portobello mushroom (includes A.brunnescens)
Agaricus bitorquis – pavement mushroom, banded agaric
Agaricus bivelatoides
Agaricus bivelatus
Agaricus blatteus
Agaricus blazei Murrill (often confused with A. subrufescens)
Agaricus blockii
Agaricus bobosi
Agaricus bohusianus L.A.Parra (2005) (Europe)[27]
Agaricus bohusii
Agaricus boisselettii
Agaricus boltonii
Agaricus bonii
Agaricus bonussquamulosus
Agaricus brasiliensis Fr. (often confused with A. subrufescens)
Agaricus bresadolanus
Agaricus bruchii
Agaricus brunneofibrillosus (formerly in A.fuscofibrillosus)
Agaricus brunneofulva
Agaricus brunneofulvus
Agaricus brunneolus (disputed)
Agaricus brunneopictus
Agaricus brunneopilatus
Agaricus brunneosquamulosus
Agaricus brunneostictus
Agaricus buckmacadooi
Agaricus bugandensis
Agaricus bukavuensis
Agaricus bulbillosus
Agaricus burkillii
Agaricus butyreburneus
Agaricus caballeroi L.A.Parra, G.Muñoz & Callac (2014) (Spain)[28]
Agaricus caesifolius
Agaricus californicus – California agaricus
Agaricus callacii
Agaricus calongei
Agaricus campbellensis[29]
Agaricus campestris – field/meadow mushroom
Agaricus campestroides
Agaricus campigenus
Agaricus candidolutescens
Agaricus candussoi
Agaricus capensis
Agaricus cappellianus
Agaricus cappellii
Agaricus caribaeus
Agaricus carminescens
Agaricus carminostictus
Agaricus caroli
Agaricus catenariocystidiosus
Agaricus catenatus
Agaricus cellaris
Agaricus cervinifolius
Agaricus cerinupileus
Agaricus chacoensis
Agaricus chartaceus[30]
Agaricus cheilotulus
Agaricus chiangmaiensis
Agaricus chionodermus[31]
Agaricus chlamydopus
Agaricus chryseus
Agaricus cinnamomellus
Agaricus circumtectus
Agaricus ciscoensis
Agaricus citrinidiscus
Agaricus coccyginus
Agaricus collegarum
Agaricus colpeteii[32]
Agaricus columellatus (formerly in Araneosa)
Agaricus comptuloides
Agaricus comtulellus
Agaricus comtuliformis[33]
Agaricus comtulus
Agaricus coniferarum
Agaricus cordillerensis
Agaricus crassisquamosus
Agaricus cretacellus
Agaricus cretaceus
Agaricus croceolutescens
Agaricus crocodilinus
Agaricus crocopeplus
Agaricus cruciquercorum
Agaricus cuniculicola
Agaricus cupreobrunneus – brown field mushroom
Agaricus cupressicola
Agaricus cupressophilus Kerrigan (2008) (California)[17]
Agaricus curanilahuensis
Agaricus cylindriceps
Agaricus deardorffensis
Agaricus dennisii
Agaricus depauperatus
Agaricus deplanatus
Agaricus deserticola G.Moreno, Esqueda & Lizárraga (2010) – gasteroid agaricus (formerly in Longula)
Agaricus desjardinii
Agaricus devoniensis
Agaricus diamantanus
Agaricus dicystis
Agaricus didymus
Agaricus dilatostipes
Agaricus dilutibrunneus
Agaricus diminutivus
Agaricus dimorphosquamatus
Agaricus diobensis
Agaricus diospyros
Agaricus dolichopus
Agaricus ducheminii
Agaricus dulcidulus – rosy wood mushroom (sometimes in A.semotus)
Agaricus duplocingulatus
Agaricus ealaensis
Agaricus earlei
Agaricus eastlandensis
Agaricus eburneocanus[30]
Agaricus edmondoi
Agaricus elfinensis
Agaricus elongatestipes
Agaricus eludens
Agaricus endoxanthus[34]
Agaricus entibigae
Agaricus erectosquamosus
Agaricus erindalensis
Agaricus erthyrosarx[30]
Agaricus erythrotrichus
Agaricus essettei (disputed)
Agaricus eutheloides
Agaricus evertens
Agaricus excellens (disputed)
Agaricus exilissimus
Agaricus eximius
Agaricus fiardii
Agaricus fibuloides
Agaricus ficophilus
Agaricus fimbrimarginatus
Agaricus fissuratus
Agaricus flammicolor
Agaricus flavicentrus
Agaricus flavidodiscus
Agaricus flavistipus
Agaricus flavitingens
Agaricus flavopileatus
Agaricus flavotingens
Agaricus flocculosipes
Agaricus floridanus
Agaricus fontanae
Agaricus fragilivolvatus
Agaricus freirei
Agaricus friesianus
Agaricus fulvoaurantiacus
Agaricus fuscofolius
Agaricus fuscopunctatus (Thailand)[26]
Agaricus fuscovelatus[35]
Agaricus gastronevadensis
Agaricus gemellatus
Agaricus gemlii
Agaricus gemloides
Agaricus gennadii
Agaricus gilvus
Agaricus glaber
Agaricus glabrus
Agaricus globocystidiatus
Agaricus globosporus
Agaricus goossensiae
Agaricus grandiomyces
Agaricus granularis
Agaricus gratolens
Agaricus greigensis
Agaricus greuteri
Agaricus griseicephalus
Agaricus griseopunctatus
Agaricus griseorimosus
Agaricus griseovinaceus
Agaricus guachari
Agaricus guidottii
Agaricus haematinus
Agaricus haematosarcus
Agaricus hahashimensis
Agaricus halophilus
Agaricus hannonii
Agaricus hanthanaensis
Agaricus heimii
Agaricus heinemannianus
Agaricus heinemanniensis
Agaricus heinemannii
Agaricus herinkii
Agaricus herradurensis
Agaricus heterocystis
Agaricus hillii
Agaricus hispidissimus
Agaricus hondensis – felt-ringed agaricus
Agaricus horakianus
Agaricus horakii
Agaricus hornei
Agaricus hortensis
Agaricus huijsmanii Courtec. (2008)
Agaricus hupohanae
Agaricus hypophaeus
Agaricus iesu-et-marthae
Agaricus ignicolor
Agaricus ignobilis
Agaricus impudicus – tufted wood mushroom
Agaricus inapertus (formerly in Endoptychum)
Agaricus incultorum
Agaricus indistinctus
Agaricus inedulis
Agaricus infelix
Agaricus infidus (disputed)
Agaricus inilleasper[30]
Agaricus inoxydabilis
Agaricus inthanonensis
Agaricus iocephalopsis
Agaricus iodolens
Agaricus iodosmus
Agaricus iranicus
Agaricus jacarandae
Agaricus jacobi
Agaricus jezoensis
Agaricus jingningensis
Agaricus jodoformicus
Agaricus johnstonii
Agaricus julius
Agaricus junquitensis
Agaricus kai
Agaricus kauffmanii
Agaricus kerriganii
Agaricus kiawetes
Agaricus kipukae
Agaricus kivuensis
Agaricus koelerionensis
Agaricus kriegeri
Agaricus kroneanus
Agaricus kuehnerianus
Agaricus kunmingensis
Agaricus lacrymabunda
Agaricus laeticulus
Agaricus lamellidistans
Agaricus lamelliperditus[32]
Agaricus lanatoniger
Agaricus lanatorubescens
Agaricus langei (= A.fuscofibrillosus)
Agaricus lanipedisimilis
Agaricus lanipes – European princess
Agaricus laparrae
Agaricus laskibarii[36]
Agaricus lateriticolor
Agaricus leptocaulis
Agaricus leptomeleagris
Agaricus leucocarpus
Agaricus leucolepidotus
Agaricus leucotrichus Møller[37] (disputed)
Agaricus lignophilus
Agaricus lilaceps – giant cypress agaricus
Agaricus linzhinensis
Agaricus litoralis – coastal mushroom (includes A.spissicaulis)
Agaricus litoraloides
Agaricus lividonitidus
Agaricus lodgeae
Agaricus lotenensis
Agaricus lucifugus[verification needed]
Agaricus ludovicii[38]
Agaricus lusitanicus
Agaricus luteofibrillosus
Agaricus luteoflocculosus
Agaricus luteomaculatus
Agaricus luteopallidus
Agaricus luteotactus
Agaricus lutosus
Agaricus luzonensis
Agaricus maclovianus[39]
Agaricus macmurphyi
Agaricus macrocarpus
Agaricus macrolepis (Pilát & Pouzar) Boisselet & Courtec. (2008)
Agaricus macrosporus (disputed)
Agaricus macrosporoides
Agaricus magni
Agaricus magniceps
Agaricus magnivelaris
Agaricus maiusculus
Agaricus malangelus
Agaricus maleolens
Agaricus mangaoensis
Agaricus manilensis
Agaricus marisae
Agaricus martineziensis
Agaricus martinicensis
Agaricus maskae
Agaricus masoalensis
Agaricus matrum
Agaricus medio-fuscus
Agaricus megacystidiatus
Agaricus megalosporus
Agaricus meijeri
Agaricus melanosporus
Agaricus menieri
Agaricus merrillii
Agaricus mesocarpus
Agaricus microchlamidus
Agaricus micromegathus[verification needed][40]
Agaricus microspermus
Agaricus microviolaceus
Agaricus microvolvatulus
Agaricus midnapurensis[41]
Agaricus minimus
Agaricus minorpurpureus
Agaricus moelleri – inky/dark-scaled mushroom (formerly in A.placomyces, includes A.meleagris)
Agaricus moellerianus
Agaricus moelleroides
Agaricus moronii
Agaricus multipunctum
Agaricus murinocephalus (Thailand)[42]
Agaricus nanaugustus Kerrigan
Agaricus nebularum
Agaricus neimengguensis
Agaricus nemoricola
Agaricus nevoi
Agaricus nigrescentibus
Agaricus nigrobrunnescens
Agaricus nigrogracilis
Agaricus nitidipes
Agaricus niveogranulatus
Agaricus niveolutescens
Agaricus nivescens
Agaricus nobelianus
Agaricus nothofagorum
Agaricus novoguineensis
Agaricus ochraceidiscus
Agaricus ochraceosquamulosus
Agaricus ochrascens
Agaricus oenotrichus
Agaricus oligocystis
Agaricus olivellus
Agaricus ornatipes
Agaricus osecanus
Agaricus pachydermus[30]
Agaricus padanus
Agaricus pallens
Agaricus pallidobrunneus
Agaricus pampeanus
Agaricus panziensis
Agaricus parasilvaticus
Agaricus parasubrutilescens
Agaricus parvibicolor
Agaricus parvitigrinus[43]
Agaricus patialensis
Agaricus patris
Agaricus pattersoniae
Agaricus pearsonii
Agaricus peligerinus
Agaricus pequinii
Agaricus perdicinus
Agaricus perfuscus
Agaricus perobscurus – American princess
Agaricus perrarus
Agaricus perturbans
Agaricus petchii
Agaricus phaeocyclus
Agaricus phaeolepidotus
Agaricus phaeoxanthus
Agaricus pietatis
Agaricus pilatianus
Agaricus pilosporus
Agaricus placomyces (includes A.praeclaresquamosus)
Agaricus planipileus
Agaricus pleurocystidiatus
Agaricus pocillator
Agaricus porosporus
Agaricus porphyrizon
Agaricus porphyrocephalus Møller[44]
Agaricus porphyropos
Agaricus posadensis
Agaricus praefoliatus
Agaricus praemagniceps
Agaricus praemagnus
Agaricus praerimosus
Agaricus pratensis
Agaricus pratulorum
Agaricus projectellus
Agaricus proserpens
Agaricus pseudoargentinus
Agaricus pseudoaugustus
Agaricus pseudocomptulus
Agaricus pseudolangei
Agaricus pseudolutosus
Agaricus pseudomuralis
Agaricus pseudoniger
Agaricus pseudopallens
Agaricus pseudoplacomyces
Agaricus pseudopratensis
Agaricus pseudopurpurellus
Agaricus pseudoumbrella
Agaricus pulcherrimus
Agaricus pulverotectus
Agaricus punjabensis
Agaricus purpurellus
Agaricus purpureofibrillosus
Agaricus purpureoniger
Agaricus purpureosquamulosus[41]
Agaricus purpurlesquameus
Agaricus putidus
Agaricus puttemansii
Agaricus radicatus (disputed)
Agaricus reducibulbus
Agaricus rhoadsii
Agaricus rhopalopodius
Agaricus riberaltensis
Agaricus robustulus
Agaricus robynsianus
Agaricus rodmanii
Agaricus rollanii
Agaricus romagnesii (disputed)
Agaricus rosalamellatus[45]
Agaricus roseocingulatus
Agaricus rotalis (disputed)
Agaricus rubellus
Agaricus rubronanus Kerrigan (1985)[35] (San Mateo county)
Agaricus rubribrunnescens
Agaricus rufoaurantiacus
Agaricus rufolanosus
Agaricus rufotegulis
Agaricus rufuspileus
Agaricus rusiophyllus
Agaricus rutilescens
Agaricus salicophilus
Agaricus sandianus
Agaricus santacatalinensis
Agaricus sceptonymus
Agaricus scitulus
Agaricus semotellus
Agaricus semotus
Agaricus sequoiae[35] (Mendocino County, CA, under coast redwood)
Agaricus shaferi
Agaricus silvaticus – scaly/blushing wood mushroom, pinewood mushroom (= A.sylvaticus, includes A.haemorrhoidarius)
Agaricus silvicola – wood mushroom (= A.sylvicola)
Agaricus silvicolae-similis
Agaricus silvipluvialis
Agaricus simillimus
Agaricus singaporensis
Agaricus singeri
Agaricus sinodeliciosus
Agaricus sipapuensis
Agaricus slovenicus
Agaricus smithii [35]
Agaricus sodalis
Agaricus solidipes Peck, Bull (1904)[46]
Agaricus sordido-ochraceus
Agaricus sordidocarpus
Agaricus spegazzinianus
Agaricus stadii
Agaricus stellatus-cuticus
Agaricus sterilomarginatus
Agaricus sterlingii
Agaricus stevensii
Agaricus stigmaticus Courtec. (2008)
Agaricus stijvei
Agaricus stramineus
Agaricus subalachuanus
Agaricus subantarcticus[29]
Agaricus subareolatus
Agaricus subarvensis
Agaricus subcoeruleus
Agaricus subcomtulus
Agaricus subedulis
Agaricus subflabellatus
Agaricus subfloccosus
Agaricus subfloridanus
Agaricus subgibbosus
Agaricus subhortensis
Agaricus subnitens
Agaricus subochraceosquamulosus
Agaricus suboreades
Agaricus subperonatus (disputed)
Agaricus subplacomyces-badius
Agaricus subponderosus
Agaricus subpratensis
Agaricus subrufescens (includes A.rufotegulis, often confused with A.blazei and A.brasiliensis) – almond mushroom, royal sun agaricus, and various fanciful names
Agaricus subrufescentoides
Agaricus subrutilescens – wine-colored agaricus
Agaricus subsaharianus L.A.Parra, Hama & De Kesel (2010)
Agaricus subsilvicola
Agaricus subsquamuliferus
Agaricus subsubensis Kerrigan (2008) (California)[17]
Agaricus subtilipes
Agaricus subvariabilis
Agaricus sulcatellus
Agaricus sulphureiceps
Agaricus summensis Kerrigan (1985)[35]
Agaricus suthepensis
Agaricus taculensis
Agaricus taeniatimpictus
Agaricus taeniatus
Agaricus tantulus
Agaricus tennesseensis
Agaricus tenuivolvatus
Agaricus tephrolepidus
Agaricus termiticola
Agaricus termitum
Agaricus thiersii
Agaricus thujae
Agaricus tibetensis
Agaricus tlaxcalensis Callac & G.Mata (2008) (Tlaxcala)[17]
Agaricus tollocanensis
Agaricus toluenolens
Agaricus trinitatensis
Agaricus trisulphuratus (formerly in Cystoagaricus)
Agaricus trutinatus
Agaricus tucumanensis
Agaricus tytthocarpus
Agaricus umboninotus
Agaricus unguentolens
Agaricus unitinctus
Agaricus urinascens
Agaricus valdiviae
Agaricus vaporarius
Agaricus variabilicolor
Agaricus variegans
Agaricus variicystis
Agaricus valdiviae[47][48]
Agaricus velenovskyi
Agaricus veluticeps
Agaricus venus
Agaricus vinaceovirens (San Francisco Peninsula)[35]
Agaricus vinosobrunneofumidus
Agaricus viridarius
Agaricus viridopurpurascens
Agaricus volvatulus
Agaricus wariatodes
Agaricus weberianus
Agaricus wilmotii
Agaricus woodrowii
Agaricus wrightii
Agaricus xanthodermoides
Agaricus xanthodermulus[43]
Agaricus xanthodermus – yellow-staining mushroom
Agaricus xantholepis[49]
Agaricus xanthosarcus
Agaricus xeretes
Agaricus xuchilensis
Agaricus yunnanensis
Agaricus zelleri

Toxicity
The white form of the death cap Amanita is often mistaken for edible Agaricus, with fatal results

A notable group of poisonous Agaricus is the clade around the yellow-staining mushroom, A. xanthodermus.[50]

One species reported from Africa, A. aurantioviolaceus, is reportedly deadly poisonous.[51]

Far more dangerous is the fact that Agaricus, when still young and most valuable for eating, are easily confused with several deadly species of Amanita (in particular the species collectively called "destroying angels", as well as the white form of the appropriately-named "death cap" Amanita phalloides), as well as some other highly poisonous fungi. An easy way to recognize Amanita is the gills, which remain whitish at all times in that genus. In Agaricus, by contrast, the gills are only initially white, turning dull pink as they mature, and eventually the typical chocolate-brown as the spores are released.

Even so, Agaricus should generally be avoided by inexperienced collectors, since other harmful species are not as easily recognized, and clearly recognizable mature Agaricus are often too soft and maggot-infested for eating. When collecting Agaricus for food, it is important to identify every individual specimen with certainty, since one Amanita fungus of the most poisonous species is sufficient to kill an adult human – even the shed spores of a discarded specimen are suspected to cause life-threatening poisoning. Confusing poisonous Amanita with an edible Agaricus is the most frequent cause of fatal mushroom poisonings world-wide.

Reacting to some distributors marketing dried agaricus or agaricus extract to cancer patients, it has been identified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as a "fake cancer 'cure'".[52] The species most often sold as such quack cures is A. subrufescens, which is often referred to by the erroneous name "Agaricus Blazei" and advertised by fanciful trade names such as "God's mushroom" or "mushroom of life", but can cause allergic reactions and even liver damage if consumed in excessive amounts.[53]
Uses

The genus contains the most widely consumed and best-known mushroom today, A. bisporus, with A. arvensis, A. campestris and A. subrufescens also being well-known and highly regarded. A. porphyrocephalus is a choice edible when young,[44] and many others are edible as well, namely members of sections Agaricus, Arvense, Duploannulatae and Sanguinolenti.[12][54]
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