Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Euarchontoglires
Ordo: Primates
Subordo: Haplorhini
Infraordo: Simiiformes
Parvordo: Catarrhini
Superfamilia: Hominoidea
Familia: Hominidae
Subfamilia: Homininae
Tribus: Hominini
Subtribus: Hominina
Genus: Homo
Species: Homo sapiens
Subspecies: Homo sapiens sapiens
Name
Homo sapiens sapiens
Type data
Linnaeus is designated as the lectotype of H. sapiens (Stearn, 1959; see also Notton & Stringer, n.d.).
Notes
H. s. sapiens was not truly used by Linnaeus (1758) or Stearn (1959). It was misattributed to Linnaeus by Bailey (1946).
The name has at least three meanings:
In the 1940s, H. s. sapiens was used as a synonym for Linnaeus' H. s. europaeus (Bailey, 1946, p. 356; Hall, 1946, p. 359). Linnaeus originally named four geographical subspecies of Homo sapiens: europaeus, afer, asiaticus and americanus. Building on Linnaeus' taxonomic work, Baker differentiated in 1974 between six geographical subspecies of Homo sapiens: australasicus (Bory, 1825), albus (Gmelin, 1788), afer, hottentotus (Bory, 1825), asiaticus and americanus. Baker notes that the correct name for the subspecies H. s. albus is disputed: possibly H. s. sapiens or H. s. europaeus (Linnaeus, 1758; Baker, 1974). This division of the extant human populations into taxonomic subspecies was gradually given up in the 1970s (e.g., Thenius et al., 1975).
H. s. sapiens was used for Cro-Magnon Man by some authors who classified Neanderthals (H. s. neanderthalensis) as a subspecies of H. sapiens (e.g., Pearce, 1971; Szalay and Delson, 1979).
More recently, H. s. sapiens was also used in a wider sense for anatomically modern humans by some authors who classified Herto Man (H. s. idaltu) as subspecies of H. sapiens (White et al., 2003).
References
Bailey, J. W., 1946. The Mammals of Virginia. Richmond: Williams Printing. Google.
Baker, J. R., 1974. Race. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 624-625. PDF
Bory de Saint-Vincent, G. J., 1825. Homme. Homo. In: Audouin, I. B. et al., 1825. Dictionnaire classique d ’histoire naturelle. Vol. 8. Paris: Rey & Gravier, pp. 269-346. BHL
Gmelin, J. F., 1788. See Linneus, C., 1788
Hall, E. R., 1946. Zoological Subspecies of Man at the Peace Table. Journal of Mammalogy 27 (4): 358–364. JSTOR.
Hall, E. R., 1960. Zoological Subspecies of Man. Mankind Quarterly 1 (2): 113-119. Google.
Linneus, C., 1758. Systema naturea per regna tria naturea: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species. 10th edit. Vol. I. Holmize (Salvius). BHL
Linneus, C., 1788. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species. 13th edit. Vol. I, Part 1. Edited by Gmelin, J. F.. Lipsiae (Beer). BHL
Notton, D., & Stringer, C., undated. Who is the type of Homo sapiens?. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. ICZN.
Pearce, E. K. V., 1971. Proto-neolithic Adam and Recent Anthropology. Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation 23: 130-39. JASA.
Stearn, W. T., 1959. The background of Linnaeus's contributions to the nomenclature and methods of systematic biology. Systematic zoology 8: 4–22. JSTOR
Szalay, F. S. & Delson, E., 1979. Evolutionary History of the Primates. Academic Press, p. 508. Google.
Thenius, E., Hemmer, H. & Klinghammer, E., 1975. Human origins. In: Grzimek, B. (ed.), Animal life encyclopedia, Vol. II, Mammals II. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Google.
White, Tim D.; Asfaw, B.; DeGusta, D.; Gilbert, H.; Richards, G. D.; Suwa, G.; Howell, F. C., 2003: Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature, 423: 742–747. PDF.
Vernacular names
Afrikaans: Mens
aragonés: Sers umans
العربية: إنسان
asturianu: Humanos
অসমীয়া: মানুহ
Aymar aru: Jaqi
bem: Muntu
be: Muntu
български: Човек
বাংলা: মানুষ
brezhoneg: Den
bosanski: Čovjek
català: Humà
čeština: Člověk
чӑвашла: Тăнлă çын
Cymraeg: Dyn
dansk: Menneske
Deutsch: Mensch
ཇོང་ཁ: Omo dapeonz
Ελληνικά: Άνθρωπος
English: Human
Esperanto: Homo
español: Humano
eesti: Inimene
euskara: Gizakia
فارسی: انسان
suomi: Ihminen
arpetan: Humen
français: Humain
Frysk: Minske
Gaeilge: Duine
galego: Ser humano
עברית: אדם נבון מודרני
हिन्दी: इंसान, मनुष्य, मानव
hrvatski: Suvremeni čovjek
Kreyòl ayisyen: Lòm
magyar: Ember
interlingua: Esser human
Bahasa Indonesia: Manusia
Ido: Homo
íslenska: Maður
italiano: Uomo
ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut: Inuk
日本語: 人
la .lojban.: remna
한국어: 사람(아종)
kurdî: Mirov
kernowek: Tus
Latina: Homo
Limburgs: Mins
lingála: Moto
lietuvių: Žmogus
latviešu: Mūsdienu saprātīgais cilvēks
македонски: Човек
മലയാളം: മനുഷ്യന്
Bahasa Melayu: Manusia
Malti: bniedem
Nāhuatl: Tlācatl
Plattdüütsch: Minsch
Nederlands: Mens
norsk nynorsk: Menneske
norsk: Menneske
Diné bizaad: Diné
ирон: Адæймаг
polski: Człowiek współczesny · Człowiek rozumny współczesny
português: Humano
Runa Simi: Runa
română: Om
русский: Человек разумный
sicilianu: Umanu
srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски: Čovjek
slovenčina: Človek rozumný
slovenščina: Misleči človek
shqip: Njeriu
српски / srpski: Човек
svenska: Människa
Kiswahili: Binadamu
ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ: ꠝꠣꠘꠥ, ꠝꠣꠁꠘ꠆ꠡ
தமிழ்: மனிதன்
ไทย: มนุษย์
Tagalog: Tao
Türkçe: İnsan
ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche: ئىنساننىڭ
українська: Людина
اردو: انسان
Tiếng Việt: Loài người
West-Vlams: Mens
ייִדיש: מענטש
中文: 人
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