Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Euarchontoglires
Ordo: Primates
Subordo: Haplorhini
Infraordo: Simiiformes
Parvordo: Catarrhini
Superfamilia: Hominoidea
Familia: Hominidae
Subfamilia: Homininae
Tribus: Hominini
Subtribus: Hominina
Genus: Homo
Species: †Homo luzonensis
Name
Homo luzonensis Détroit et al., 2019
References
Primary references
Détroit, F., Mijares, A.S., Corny, J., Daver, G., Zanolli, C., Dizon, E., Robles, E., Grün, R. & Piper, P.J. 2019. A new species of Homo from the Late Pleistocene of the Philippines. Nature 568(7751): 181–186. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1067-9
Homo luzonensis, also known as Callao Man and locally called "Ubag" after a mythical caveman,[2][3] is an extinct, possibly pygmy, species of archaic human from the Late Pleistocene of Luzon, the Philippines. Their remains, teeth and phalanges, are known only from Callao Cave in the northern part of the island dating to before 50,000 years ago. They were initially identified as belonging to modern humans in 2010, but in 2019, after the discovery of more specimens, they were placed into a new species based on the presence of a wide range of traits similar to modern humans as well as to Australopithecus and early Homo. In 2023, a study found that the fossilized remains were 134,000 ± 14,000 years old, much older than previously thought.[4]
Their ancestors, who may have been Asian H. erectus or some other even earlier Homo, would have needed to have made a sea crossing of several miles[a] at minimum to reach the island. Archaic human presence on Luzon dates to as early as 771,000 to 631,000 years ago.[5] The inhabitants of the cave dragged in mainly Philippine deer carcasses, and used tools for butchering.
Taxonomy
Interior of Callao Cave, Luzon, the Philippines
The first bone was discovered in 2007 by zooarchaeologist Philip Piper[6][7] while sorting through animal bones recovered from the archaeological excavation led by Filipino archaeologist Armand Mijares in Callao Cave, Northern Luzon, Philippines. In 2010, Mijares and French bioanthropologist Florent Détroit [fr], together with a team of international and local Philippine archaeologists, identified them as belonging to modern humans.[8] After the discovery of 12 new specimens and based on the apparent presence of both modern-humanlike and primitive Australopithecus-like features, they reassigned the remains (and other hominin findings from the cave) to a new species, Homo luzonensis, the specific name deriving from the name of the island.[1]
The holotype, CCH6, comprises the upper right premolars and molars. The paratypes are: CCH1, a right third metatarsal bone of the foot; CCH2 and CCH5, two phalanges of the fingers; CCH3 and CCH4, two phalanges of the foot; CCH4, a left premolar; and CCH9, a right third molar. CCH7 represents a juvenile femoral shaft. These represent at least three individuals. The specimens are kept at the National Museum of the Philippines, Manila.[1]
The exact taxonomic placement of H. luzonensis is unknown, and, like for other tropical hominins, DNA extraction failed.[1] It is possible that—like what is hypothesized for H. floresiensis from Flores, Indonesia—H. luzonensis descended from an early H. erectus dispersal across Southeast Asia. It is also possible that these two insular archaic humans descend from an entirely different Homo species possibly earlier than H. erectus.[9][10] The bones were dated to before 50,000 years ago,[1] and there is evidence of hominin activity on the island as early as 771,000 – 631,000 years ago.[5]
Anatomy
Comparison of teeth (above) and foot phalanges (below) of A. afarensis (left), H. luzonensis (center), and modern humans (right)
Like other endemic fauna on Luzon, as well as H. floresiensis, H. luzonensis may have shrunk in size due to insular dwarfism. However, more complete remains are needed to verify size.[1][11] Much like H. floresiensis, H. luzonensis presents a number of characteristics more similar to Australopithecus and early Homo than to modern humans and more recent Homo.[1]
The teeth of H. luzonensis are small and mesiodistally (the width of the tooth) shortened. The molars are smaller than those of H. floresiensis. Like other recent Homo and modern humans, the molars decrease in size towards the back of the mouth, and the enamel-dentin juncture lacks well defined wavy crenulations. The enamel-dentine juncture is most similar to that of Asian H. erectus. The premolars are oddly large compared to the molars, with more similar proportions to Paranthropus than any other Homo, though H. luzonensis postcanine teeth differ greatly from those of Paranthropus in size and shape. H. luzonensis premolars share many characteristics with those of Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and early Homo.[1]
The finger bones are long, narrow, and curved, which is seen in Australopithecus, H. floresiensis, and sometimes modern humans. They are dorso-palmarly (from the palm to the back of the hand) compressed, and have well developed flexor sheath attachment, which are seen in Australopithecus and the early H. habilis. Unique to H. luzonensis, the dorsal beak near the knuckle was strongly developed and angled towards the wrist rather than the finger. The foot bones are morphologically unique among Homo, and are distinguishable from those of A. africanus and A. afarensis. Australopithecus limbs are generally interpreted as being adaptations for bipedalism and potentially suspensory behavior in the trees, but the fragmentary record of H. luzonensis limits extrapolation of locomotory behavior.[1]
Since the remains are so fragmentary, it is difficult to make accurate estimates of actual size for this species, but they may have been within the range of modern day Philippine Negritos, who average 151 cm (4 ft 11 in) in height for males and 142 cm (4 ft 8 in) for females.[10]
Culture
See also: List of extinct animals of the Philippines
The ancestors of H. luzonensis crossed the Huxley Line into the Philippines.
Because Luzon has always been an island in the Quaternary, the ancestors of H. luzonensis would have had to have made a substantial sea crossing over the Huxley Line.[1]
About 90% of the bone fragments from Callao Cave belong to the Philippine deer, which suggests that deer carcasses were periodically brought into the cave. With the exception of Palawan (where there were tigers), there is no evidence of large carnivores ever inhabiting the Philippines during the Pleistocene, which attributes these remains to human activity. The Philippine warty pig and an extinct bovid were also present. There are cut marks on a deer tibia, and a lack of tools in the cave could either have resulted from the use of organic material for tools rather than stone, or the processing of meat away from the cave.[12]
The Rizal Archaeological Site situated in Rizal, Kalinga, Philippines and within an area that has been subject to archaeological explorations since the 1950s, yielded an almost complete skeleton of a rhino (the extinct Nesorhinus philippinensis), which had been butchered by early hominins c. 709,000 years ago. Together with the rhinoceros skeleton, six lithic cores, forty-nine lithic flakes, and two hammerstones, were found at the Rizal site. Some cores and the used lithic raw material show a similarity to the chert assemblage from the Lower Paleolithic Arubo 1 site in central Luzon.[13][14] Also present were the remains of the elephant-relative Stegodon, the Philippine deer, freshwater turtles, and monitor lizards.[5]
See also
Denisovan – Asian archaic human
Homo floresiensis – Extinct small human species found in Flores
Homo naledi – South African archaic human species
Neanderthal – Extinct Eurasian species or subspecies of archaic humans
Tabon Man – Oldest modern human remains from the Philippines
Notes
Given that this crossing may have happened at any time over the course of a few 10s of millennia, many failed or successful phases or methods of transference may have occurred. The means by which these hominids ultimately arrived on Luzon is not a settled question but their establishment of permanent residence and subsequent isolation there is now well established. See ancient maritime history for more.
References
Détroit, F.; Mijares, A. S.; Corny, J.; Daver, G.; Zanolli, C.; Dizon, E.; Robles, E.; Grün, R. & Piper, P. J. (2019). "A new species of Homo from the Late Pleistocene of the Philippines" (PDF). Nature. 568 (7751): 181–186. Bibcode:2019Natur.568..181D. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1067-9. PMID 30971845. S2CID 106411053.
Panela, Shai (April 12, 2019). "Fossils Of Ancient Human Species Unearthed In The Philippines". Asian Scientist.
Gascon, Melvin. "Philippine cave discovery: Meet 'Homo luzonensis'". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
Rainer Grün, Chris Stringer, Direct dating of human fossils and the ever-changing story of human evolution. Quaternary Science Reviews, Volume 322, 2023, 108379, ISSN 0277-3791
Ingicco, T.; van den Bergh, G. D.; Jago-on, C.; Bahain, J.-J.; Chacón, M. G.; Amano, N.; Forestier, H.; King, C.; Manalo, K.; Nomade, S.; Pereira, A.; Reyes, M. C.; Sémah, A.-M.; Shao, Q.; Voinchet, P.; Falguères, C.; Albers, P. C. H.; Lising, M.; Lyras, G.; Yurnaldi, D.; Rochette, P.; Bautista, A. & de Vos, J. (2018). "Earliest known hominin activity in the Philippines by 709 thousand years ago". Nature. 557 (7704): 233–237. Bibcode:2018Natur.557..233I. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0072-8. PMID 29720661. S2CID 13742336.
Salleh, Anna (April 11, 2019). "Early human fossil remains found in Philippines cave may herald new species — Homo luzonensis". ABC Science.
Fagan, Jessica (April 9, 2019). "New species of early human found in the Philippines". ANU.
Mijares, A. S.; Détroit, F.; Piper, P.; Grün, R.; Bellwood, P.; Aubert, M.; Champion, G.; Cuevas, N.; De Leon, A.; Dizon, E. (2010). "New evidence for a 67,000-year-old human presence at Callao Cave, Luzon, Philippines". Journal of Human Evolution. 59 (1): 123–132. Bibcode:2010JHumE..59..123M. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.04.008. PMID 20569967.
Tocheri, M. W. (2019). "Previously unknown human species found in Asia raises questions about early hominin dispersals from Africa". Nature News. 568 (7751): 176–178. Bibcode:2019Natur.568..176T. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-01019-7. PMID 30971838.
Fleming, N. (2019). "Unknown human relative discovered in Philippine cave". Nature News. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-01152-3. PMID 32269371. S2CID 146786512.
Wade, L. (April 10, 2019). "New species of ancient human unearthed in the Philippines". Science. 364. doi:10.1126/science.aax6501. S2CID 189045520.
Mijares, A. M.; Détroit, F.; Piper, P.; et al. (2010). "New evidence for a 67,000-year-old human presence at Callao Cave, Luzon, Philippines". Journal of Human Evolution. 59 (1): 123–132. Bibcode:2010JHumE..59..123M. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.04.008. PMID 20569967.
Pawlik, Alfred (January 24, 2008). "[ARCHAEOLOGY IN ISLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA AND OCEANIA] The Palaeolithic site of Arubo 1 in central Luzon, Philippines". Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 24. doi:10.7152/bippa.v24i0.11866 (inactive March 9, 2024). ISSN 1835-1794.
Pawlik, Alfred F. (September 20, 2021). "Technology, adaptation, and mobility in maritime environments in the Philippines from the Late Pleistocene to Early/Mid-Holocene". Quaternary International. Variability in Lithic Production Technology during the Range Expansion of Paleolithic Modern Humans: Asian Perspectives. 596: 109–123. Bibcode:2021QuInt.596..109P. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2020.11.007. ISSN 1040-6182.
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