Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Spiralia
Cladus: Lophotrochozoa
Phylum: Annelida
Classis: Clitellata
Subclassis: Oligochaeta
Ordo: Haplotaxida
Subordo: Lumbricina
Familia: Megascolecidae
Genus: Amynthas
Species: A. accessorius – A. agrestis – A. anteporus – A. antethecus – A. auriculus – A. bantanensis – A. binoculatus – A. biorbis – A. borealis – A. bouatongi – A. bouchei – A. carnosus – A. catenatus – A. catenus – A. chandyi – A. conchipapillatus – A. crassitubus – A. demptus – A. dentiformis – A. dispersus – A. dissimilis – A. dongfangensis – A. edwardsi – A. elenabondae – A. erroneous – A. eumorphus – A. exiguus – A. fenestrus – A. fleischmani – A. formosae – A. fuscus – A. fusing – A. gageodo – A. genitalis – A. hoauykanangensis – A. hongyehensis – A. hsinpuensis – A. iriomotensis – A. ishigakiensis – A. lacustris – A. lalashan – A. libratus – A. lioujia – A. luridus – A. majia – A. marsupiformis – A. maximus – A. montanus – A. nametensis – A. namphouinensis – A. nanganensis – A. nanshanensis – A. nhonmontis – A. omodeoi – A. pavimentus – A. penpuensis – A. phatubensis – A. phimpheti – A. phuquocensis – A. polyglandularis – A. poropapillatus – A. proasacceus – A. rockefelleri – A. ruiyenensis – A. sakonnakhonensis – A. sexpectatus – A. shanghangensis – A. shengtangmontis – A. s. minusculus – A. somechanae – A. srinan – A. stabilis – A. stricosus – A. tantulus – A. tayalis – A. tessellatus – A. tontong – A. tortuosus – A. trapezoides – A. tungpuensis – A. uvaglandularis – A. wangi – A. wenchangensis – A. wiggeri – A. wulinensis – A. youngtai
Add: A. bimontis – A. dilatatus – A. dongjuensis – A. dongyinensis – A. gracilis – A. hsiyinensis – A. hupeiensis – A. infuscuatus – A. instabilis – A. qiongzhongensis – A. wuzhimontis – A. zonarius
Name
Amynthas Kinberg, 1866
Type species: Amynthas aeruginosus Kinberg, 1866
References
Primary references
Kinberg, J.G.H. 1866. Annulata nova [Continuatio, Acad. propos. die 18 Aprilis 1866]. Öfversigt af Königlich Vetenskapsakademiens förhandlingar. 23(4): 97–103. BHL Reference page. [original description of Amynthas: p. 101]
Additional references
Bantaowong, U. et al. 2011: New earthworm species of the genus Amynthas Kinberg, 1867 from Thailand (Clitellata, Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae). ZooKeys, 90: 35–62. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.90.1121
Blakemore, R.J. et al. 2013: Two new Korean earthworms (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea, Megascolecidae). ZooKeys, 307: 35–44. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.307.5362 Reference page.
Chanabun, R., Aoonkum, A., Seesamut, T., Bantaowong, U. & Panha, S. 2023. Four new terrestrial earthworm species from the northeast Thailand (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae). Zookeys 1176ː 195–219. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1176.106517 Open access Reference page.
Dong, Y., Law, M.M.S., Jiang, J-B. & Qiu, J-P. 2019. Three new species and one subspecies of the Amynthas corticis-group from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae). ZooKeys, 884: 23–42. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.884.30988 Open access Reference page.
Dong, Y., Yuan, Z., Jiang, J-B., Zhao, Q. & Qiu, J-P. 2018. Two new species of earthworms belonging to the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Guangxi Province, China. Pp 259–268 In Schmelz, R.M. (ed.). Global diversity of earthworms and enchytraeids (Clitellata): papers in honor of András Zicsi (1928–2015). Zootaxa 4496(1): 1–575. Reference page. Zootaxa 4496(1): 259–268. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.21 Paywall Reference page.
Hong, Y., 2008: Two new bithecal earthworms of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Laos. Zootaxa 1914: 57–61. Abstract: [1]
Hong, Y., Inkhavilay, K. & James, S.W. 2018. Nine new species of the "aeruginosus"-group in Amynthas (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from Nam Et-Phouley National protected Area, Laos. Pp 238–250 In Schmelz, R.M. (ed.). Global diversity of earthworms and enchytraeids (Clitellata): papers in honor of András Zicsi (1928–2015). Zootaxa 4496(1): 1–575. Reference page. Zootaxa 4496(1): 238–250. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.19 Paywall Reference page.
Hong, Y. & S.W. James, 2001: Five new earthworms of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) with four pairs of Spermathecae. Zoological Studies 40 (4): 269–275. Full article: [2]
Hong, Y.; James, S.W. 2013: Three new earthworm species of the genus Amynthas (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from Mt. Chiak National Park, Korea. Zootaxa 3646(1): 75–81. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3646.1.6 Reference page.
Hong, Y.; James, S.W.; Inkhavilay, K. 2013 (Online) 2014 (Print): A new species of earthworm in Amynthas hexathecus species group (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from the Nam Xam National Protected Area, Laos. Journal of natural history 48(5-6): 251–256. DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.809491 Reference page.
Jiang, J. et al. 2014: Four new earthworm species of the genus Amynthas Kinberg (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from the island of Hainan and Guangdong Province, China. Journal of natural history, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.931480 Reference page.
Jiang, J-B., Dong, Y., Yuan, Z. & Qiu, J-P. 2018. Three new earthworm species of the tokioensis-group in the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Guangxi Province, China. Pp 269–278 In Schmelz, R.M. (ed.). Global diversity of earthworms and enchytraeids (Clitellata): papers in honor of András Zicsi (1928–2015). Zootaxa 4496(1): 1–575. Reference page. Zootaxa 4496(1): 269–278. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.22 Paywall Reference page.
Nguyen, T.T., Lam, D.H., Trinh, B.T.K. & Nguyen, A.D. 2020. The megascolecid earthworms (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) in the Phu Quoc island, Vietnam, with descriptions of three new species. ZooKeys, 932: 1–25. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.932.50314 Open access Reference page.
Nguyen, A.D. & Nguyen, T.T. 2015. Notes on Metaphire multitheca (Chen, 1938) (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) recorded from Vietnam, with descriptions of two new species. Zookeys 506: 127–136. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.506.9550 Reference page.
Shen, H.-P. 2012: Three new earthworms of the genus Amynthas (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) from eastern Taiwan with redescription of Amynthas hongyehensis Tsai and Shen, 2010. Journal of natural history, 46(37-38): 2259–2283. DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.716867
Shen, H-P. 2018. Biogeography meets taxonomy: Distribution-based inferences on the accuracy of identification and synonymization of East Asian earthworms. Pp 313–326 In Schmelz, R.M. (ed.). Global diversity of earthworms and enchytraeids (Clitellata): papers in honor of András Zicsi (1928–2015). Zootaxa 4496(1): 1–575. Reference page. Zootaxa 4496(1): 313–336. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.26 Open access full article pdf Reference page.
Shen, H-P., Chang, C-H. & Chih, W-J. 2019. Two new earthworm species of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from central Taiwan, with comments on some recent species assignments in Amynthas and Metaphire. Zootaxa 4658(1): 101–123. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4658.1.4 Open access pdf Reference page.
Shen, H.-P. ; C.-F. Tsai & S.-C. Tsai, 2003: Six new earthworms of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Central Taiwan. Zoological Studies 42 (4): 479–490. Full article: [3].
Shen, H-P., Chang, C-H. & Chih, W-J. 2015. Earthworms from Matsu, Taiwan with descriptions of new species of the genera Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) and Drawida (Oligochaeta: Moniligastridae). Zootaxa 3973(3): 425–450. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3973.3.2. Preview (PDF) Reference page.
Shen, Y.-H. et al. 2013: Four new earthworm species of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Kinmen, Taiwan. Zootaxa 3599(5): 471–482. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3599.5.4 Reference page.
Sun, J., Jiang, J-B., Bartlam, S., Qiu, J-P. & Hu, F. 2018. Four new Amynthas and Metaphire earthworm species from nine provinces in southern China. Pp 287–301 In Schmelz, R.M. (ed.). Global diversity of earthworms and enchytraeids (Clitellata): papers in honor of András Zicsi (1928–2015). Zootaxa 4496(1): 1–575. Reference page. Zootaxa 4496(1): 287–301. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.24 Paywall Reference page.
Sun, J.; Zhao, Q.; Qiu, J.-P. 2010: Three new species of earthworms belonging to the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Hainan Island, China. Zootaxa, 2680: 26–32. Preview
Sun, J., Jiang, J-B., Zhao, Q. & Qiu, J-P. 2015. New earthworms of the Amynthas morrisi-group (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae) from Hainan Island, China. Zootaxa 4058(2): 257–266. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4058.2.7. Preview (PDF) Reference page.
Tsai, C.-F. ; H.-P. Shen & S.-C. Tsai, 2001: Some new earthworms of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Mt. Hohuan of Taiwan. Zoological Studies 40 (4): 276–288. Full article: [4].
Tsai, C.-F. ; H.-P. Shen & S.-C. Tsai, 2010: Four new species of Amynthas earthworms (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from the Central Mountain Range of southern Taiwan. Journal of Natural History 21 & 22: 1251–1267. DOI: 10.1080/00222931003624788.
Wang, Y.H. & Shih, H-T. 2017. Four New Species of Earthworms (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Amynthas) from Taiwan Based on Morphological and Molecular Evidence. Zoological Studies 56(18): 1-12. full article (PDF). Reference page.
Yuan, Z., Dong, Y., Jiang, J-B., Zhao, Q. & Qiu, J-P. 2019. Three new species of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Yunnan Province, China. Zootaxa 4664(3): 390–400. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4664.3.6 Paywall Reference page.
Zhao, Q. ; J. Sun & J.-P. Qiu, 2009: Three new species of the Amynthas hawayanus-group (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Hainan Island, China. Journal of Natural History 17 & 18: 1027–1041. DOI: 10.1080/00222930902767433.
Zhao, Q., Yao, X-Z., Lan, Y-Q., Xu, J-X. & Qiu, J-P. 2018. New earthworm species of the genus Amynthas from Hainan Island, China (Megascolecidae, Clitellata). Pp 279–286 In Schmelz, R.M. (ed.). Global diversity of earthworms and enchytraeids (Clitellata): papers in honor of András Zicsi (1928–2015). Zootaxa 4496(1): 1–575. Reference page. Zootaxa 4496(1): 279–286. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.23 Paywall Reference page.
Zhao, Q. et al. 2013: Four new earthworm species and subspecies belonging to genus Amynthas and Metaphire (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Hainan Island, China. Zootaxa 3619(3): 383–393. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3619.3.7 Reference page.
Amynthas is a genus of earthworms in the family Megascolecidae.[1] They are known as jumping worms, snake worms, or crazy worms because of their erratic thrashing behaviour when disturbed.[2][3][4][5] The genus is native to East Asia, but they are invasive in many areas of the United States.[3][5][6] They are a matter of concern in many states, as they disrupt the native forest ecology by affecting soil structure and chemistry.[3][7]
Appearance
Amynthas species can be differentiated from other earthworms by their clitellum, which is pale, annular, is close to the head, and lies flat against the body.[3][8] They vary in size between 3.8 and 20.3 cm (1.5 and 8.0 in).[8][9]
Life cycle
Amynthas species' faster reproduction rate and their ability to reproduce asexually (parthenogenesis) has contributed to their spread into the United States.[10] The worms reach maturity in 60 days, which allows them to have two hatches per year.[10] Eggs are wrapped in small cocoons, which overwinter while the adults die off at the first freeze each year.[11] The young then emerge the next spring.[12]
Species
Amynthas agrestis (Goto and Hatai, 1899)
Amynthas alexandri (Beddard, 1900)
Amynthas assimilis (Hong & Kim, 2002)
Amynthas borealis (Panha & Bantaowong, 2011)
Amynthas comptus (Gates, 1932)
Amynthas defecta (Gates, 1930)
Amynthas dorualis
Amynthas exiguus (Gates, 1930)
Amynthas fucosus (Gates, 1933)
Amynthas gracilis (Kinberg, 1867)
Amynthas hilgendorfi (Michaelsen, 1892)
Amynthas hupbonensis (Stephenson, 1931)
†Amynthas japonicus (Horst, 1883)
Amynthas kinmenensis
Amynthas longicauliculatus (Gates, 1931)
Amynthas luridus (Shen, Chang, & Chih, 2019)[13]
Amynthas mekongianus (Cognetti, 1922)
Amynthas minimus
Amynthas mirifius
Amynthas moakensis
Amynthas morrisi (Beddard, 1892)
Amynthas mujuensis
Amynthas obsoletus
Amynthas papulosus (Rosa, 1896)
Amynthas phatubensis (Panha & Bantaowong, 2011)
Amynthas polyglandularis
Amynthas pulvinus
Amynthas ruiyenensis (Shen, Chang, & Chih, 2019)[13]
Amynthas sangumburi
Amynthas siam (Blakemore, 2011)
Amynthas srinan (Panha & Bantaowong, 2011)
Amynthas taiwumontis
Amynthas tessellatus
Amynthas tokioensis (Beddard, 1892)[13]
Amynthas tontong (Panha & Bantaowong, 2011)
Amynthas wuhumontis
Amynthas wujhouensis
References
Bantaowong, U.; Chanabun, R.; Tongkerd, P.; Sutcharit, C.; James, S.W. & Panha, S. (2011). "New earthworm species of the genus Amynthas Kinberg, 1867 from Thailand (Clitellata, Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae)". ZooKeys (90): 35–62. doi:10.3897/zookeys.90.1121. PMC 3084491. PMID 21594106.
"Asian Jumping Worms". hortnews.extension.iastate.edu. Retrieved 2022-12-21.
"Jumping worm (Amynthas species) | Minnesota DNR". www.dnr.state.mn.us. Retrieved 2022-12-21.
Silver, Jennie. ""Jumping Worm" – Amynthas spp". Extension Richland County. Retrieved 2022-12-21.
"details". www.tsusinvasives.org. Retrieved 2022-12-21.
"Amynthas Worms in Maine : Maine DACF". www.maine.gov. Retrieved 2022-12-21.
"Jumping worms". extension.umn.edu. Retrieved 2022-12-22.
Wisconsin DNR Forest Health. "Jumping Worms (Amynthas spp.) Fact Sheet". Updated April 2015. Accessed Dec 22 2022.
"Jumping Worms". www.michigan.gov. Retrieved 2022-12-22.
"Jumping Worm (Amynthas spp.)". Cornell Cooperative Extension. Retrieved 2022-12-22.
"Invasive Asian Jumping Earthworms". Cornell Cooperative Extension. 2021-05-14. Retrieved 2024-02-01.
weeks (2021-07-28). "Jumping/Crazy/Snake Worms – Amynthas spp". Center for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment. Retrieved 2022-12-22.
Shen, H.-P.; Chang, C.-H. & Chih, W.-J. (2019). "Two new earthworm species of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from central Taiwan, with comments on some recent species assignments in Amynthas and Metaphire". Zootaxa. 4658 (1): 101–123. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4658.1.4. PMID 31716758.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/"
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License
