Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Parazoa
Phylum: Porifera
Classis: Calcarea
Subclassis: Calcaronea
Ordo: Stellispongiida
Familiae: †Endostomatidae – Stellispongiidae
Name
Stellispongiida Finks, Reid & Rigby, 2004
References
Primary references
Finks, R.M., Reid, R.E.H. & Rigby, J.K. 2004. Porifera (Demospongea, Hexactinellida, Heteractinida, Calcarea). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part E (Revised), Volume 3. Geological Society of America, 872pp. ISBN 9780813731315 Full text Reference page.
Stellispongiida is an order of calcareous sponges, most or all of which are extinct. Stellispongiids are one of several unrelated sponge groups described as "inozoans", a name referring to sponges with a hypermineralized calcitic skeleton independent from their spicules. Stellispongiids have a solid skeleton (without chambers) encasing calcite spicules arranged in trabeculae (column-like structures).[1][2] "Inozoans" and the similar "sphinctozoans" were historically grouped together in the polyphyletic order Pharetronida.[2]
Stellispongiids survived from the Permian to the Cenozoic, at least up to the Miocene Epoch.[1] They comprised the majority of "inozoan" diversity in the Cretaceous Period, though their distribution was mostly restricted to Europe.[2] The Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology (2004) places the living sponge family Lelapiidae within Stellispongiida,[1] though Systema Porifera (2002) places Lelapiidae within the order Leucosolenida.[3][4]
Subgroups
Family †Endostomatidae Finks & Rigby, 2004 [Lower Triassic?–Eocene]
Family Lelapiidae? Dendy & Row, 1913 [Holocene]
Family †Stellispongiidae Laubenfels, 1955 [Permian–Miocene]
References
Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part E, Revised. Porifera, Volume 3: Classes Demospongea, Hexactinellida, Heteractinida & Calcarea, xxxi + 872 p., 506 fig., 1 table, 2004, available here. ISBN 0-8137-3131-3.
Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part E, Revised. Porifera, Volumes 4 & 5: Hypercalcified Porifera, Paleozoic Stromatoporoidea & Archaeocyatha, liii + 1223 p., 665 figs., 2015, available here. ISBN 978-0-9903621-2-8.
Borojevic, Radovan; Boury-Esnault, Nicole; Manuel, Michaël; Vacelet, Jean (2002), Hooper, John N. A.; Van Soest, Rob W. M.; Willenz, Philippe (eds.), "Order Leucosolenida Hartman, 1958", Systema Porifera, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 1157–1184, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_120, ISBN 978-0-306-47260-2, retrieved 2023-04-27
Manuel, Michael; Borchiellini, Carole; Alivon, Eliane; Le Parco, Yannick; Vacelet, Jean; Boury-Esnault, Nicole (2003-06-01). Kjer, Karl (ed.). "Phylogeny and Evolution of Calcareous Sponges: Monophyly of Calcinea and Calcaronea, High Level of Morphological Homoplasy, and the Primitive Nature of Axial Symmetry". Systematic Biology. 52 (3): 311–333. doi:10.1080/10635150390196966. ISSN 1076-836X.
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