Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Parazoa
Phylum: Porifera
Classis: Calcarea
Subclasses (2): Calcinea - Calcaronea
Incertae sedis familia: †Consobrinomiidae
Name
Calcarea Bowerbank, 1862: 763
Synonymy
Calcispongia Johnston, 1842 [nec Calcispongia Blainville, 1830]
Calcispongiae Schmidt, 1862: 13
References
Primary references
Bowerbank, J.S. 1862. On the Anatomy and Physiology of the Spongiadae. Part II. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 152(2): 747–829, pls. XXVII–XXXV. BHL Reference page.
Johnston, G. 1842. A History of British Sponges and Lithophytes. W.H. Lizars: Edinburgh. i–xii + 264 pp., pls. I–XXV. BHL Reference page.
Schmidt, O. 1862. Die Spongien des adriatischen Meeres. Wilhelm Engelmann: Leipzig. i–viii + 1–88 pp., pls. I–VII. Full article (PDF). GoogleBooks Reference page.
Additional references
Bidder, G.P. 1898. The Skeleton and Classification of Calcareous Sponges. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 64: 61–76. BHL Reference page.
Borojevic, R. 1979. Evolution des éponges Calcarea. pp. 527–530 In Lévi, C. & Boury-Esnault, N. (eds.). Biologie des spongiaires. Editions du C.N.R.S.: Paris.
Burton, M. 1963. A revision of the Classification of the Calcareous Sponges. With a Catalogue of the specimens in the British Museum (Natural History). Order of the Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History): London. 697 pp. BHL Reference page.
Dendy, A. & Row, R.W.H. 1913. The Classification and Phylogeny of the Calcareous Sponges, with a Reference List of all the described Species, systematically arranged. Journal of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology 83(3): 704–813. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1913.tb06152.x Reference page.
Dohrmann, M., Voigt, O., Erpenbeck, D. & Wörheide, G. 2006. Non-monophyly of most supraspecific taxa of calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) revealed by increased taxon sampling and partitioned Bayesian analysis of ribosomal DNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40(3): 830–843. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.04.016 Paywall Reference page.
Gray, J.E. 1867. Notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the descriptions of some new genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1867(2): 492–558. BHL Reference page.
Haeckel, E. 1870. Prodromus of a system of the Calcareous sponges. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Series 4 5: 176–191. BHL Reference page.
Haeckel, E. 1872. Die Kalkschwämme. Eine Monographie in zwei Bänden Text und einem Atlas mit 60 Tafeln Abbildungen. Georg Reimer: Berlin. [Vol. 1: 1–484 pp. BHL; Vol. 2: 1–418 pp. BHL; Vol. 3: 1–60 pls. BHL] DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.11323 Reference page.
Haeckel, E. 1874. The Gastrea-theory, the phylogenetic classification of the animal kingdom and the homology of the germ-lamellae. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 14: 142–165, 223–247. BHL Reference page.
Hartman, W.D. 1958. A re-examination of Bidder’s classification of the Calcarea. Systematic Biology 7(3): 55–109. DOI: 10.2307/2411971 Paywall
Leys, S.P. & Eerkes-Medrano, D. 2005. Gastrulation in calcareous sponges: in search of Haeckel’s Gastraea. Integrative and Comparative Biology 45(2): 342–351. DOI: 10.1093/icb/45.2.342 Open access.
Manuel, M. 2006. Phylogeny and evolution of calcareous sponges. Canadian Journal of Zoology 84(2): 225–241. DOI: 10.1139/Z06-005 Open access Reference page.
Manuel, M., Borchiellini, C., Alivon, E., Le Parco, Y., Vacelet, J. & Boury-Esnault, N. 2003. Phylogeny and Evolution of Calcareous Sponges: Monophyly of Calcinea and Calcaronea, High Level of Morphological Homoplasy, and the Primitive Nature of Axial Symmetry. Systematic Biology 52(3): 311–333. DOI: 10.1080/10635150390196966 Open access Reference page.
Manuel, M., Borchiellini, C., Alivon, E. & Boury-Esnault, N. 2004. Molecular phylogeny of calcareous sponges using 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA sequences. In Pansini, M., Pronzato, R., Bavestrello, G. & Manconi, R. (eds.). Sponge sciences in the new millennium. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell'Università di Genova 68: 449–461. Reference page.
Manuel, M., Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N. & Vacelet, J. 2002. Class Calcarea Bowerbank, 1864. Pp. 1103–1110 in Hooper, J.N.A. & van Soest, R.W.M. (eds.). Systema Porifera. Guide to the classification of sponges. 2 volumes. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers: New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow. ISBN 978-0-306-47260-2 Reference page.
Minchin, E.A. 1896. Suggestions for a natural classification of the Asconidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Series 6 18: 349–362. BHL
Poléjaeff, N. 1883. Report on the Calcarea dredged by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–76. Reports of Science Research Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger. Zoology 8(24): 1–76. BHL Reference page.
Voigt, O., Wülfing, E. & Wörheide, G. 2012. Molecular Phylogenetic Evaluation of Classification and Scenarios of Character Evolution in Calcareous Sponges (Porifera, Class Calcarea). PLoS ONE 7(3): e33417. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033417 Open access Reference page.
Links
Calcarea in the World Register of Marine Species
Tree of Life Web Project. 2008. Calcarea. Version 04 March 2008 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Calcarea/20433/2008.03.04 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/
Vernacular names
বাংলা: চূর্ণবারিদ বর্গ
català: Esponja calcària
čeština: Vápenatí
Deutsch: Kalkschwämme
Ελληνικά: Ασβεστόσπογγοι
English: calcareous sponges
فارسی: اسفنجهای آهکی
suomi: Kalkkisienet
français: Éponges calcaires, calcisponges
ગુજરાતી: ચૂર્ણવારિદ વર્ગ
हिन्दी: चूर्णवारिद वर्ग
magyar: Mészszivacsok
italiano: Calcispongie
日本語: 石灰海綿綱
한국어: 석회해면류
македонски: Варовнички сунѓери
नेपाली: चूर्णवारिद वर्ग
Nederlands: Kalksponzen
norsk: Kalksvamper
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ: ਚੂਰਨਵਾਰਿਦ ਵਰਗ
polski: Gąbki wapienne
português do Brasil: Esponjas calcáreas
slovenčina: Vápnice
svenska: Kalksvampar
தமிழ்: கால்கேரியா
中文: 钙质海绵纲
The calcareous sponges[2][3] (class Calcarea) are members of the animal phylum Porifera, the cellular sponges. They are characterized by spicules made of calcium carbonate, in the form of high-magnesium calcite or aragonite. While the spicules in most species are triradiate (with three points in a single plane), some species may possess two- or four-pointed spicules.[4][5] Unlike other sponges, calcareans lack microscleres, tiny spicules which reinforce the flesh. In addition, their spicules develop from the outside-in, mineralizing within a hollow organic sheath.[6]
Biology
All sponges in this class are strictly marine, and, while they are distributed worldwide, most are found in shallow tropical waters. Like nearly all other sponges, they are sedentary filter feeders.
All three sponge body plans (asconoid, syconoid, and leuconoid) can be found within the class Calcarea. Typically, calcareous sponges are small, measuring less than 10 cm (3.9 in) in height, and drab in colour. However, a few brightly coloured species are also known.
Like the Homoscleromorpha, calcareous sponges are exclusively viviparous.[7]
Calcareous sponges vary from radially symmetrical vase-shaped body types to colonies made up of a meshwork of thin tubes, or irregular massive forms. The skeleton has either a mesh or honeycomb structure of interlocking spicules.[3] Some extinct species were hypercalcified, meaning that the spicule-based skeleton is cemented together by solid calcite.[5]
Classification
Of the approximately 15,000 living species of Porifera, only around 400 are calcareans. Some older studies applied the name Calcispongiae to the class, though "Calcarea" is much more common in modern nomenclature.
Calcarean sponges likely first appeared during the Cambrian Period. The oldest putative calcarean genus is Gravestockia, from the "Atdabanian" (Cambrian Stage 3) of Australia.[4] Calcareans are probably descended from "heteractinid" sponges, which first appeared in the early Cambrian.[6][8] Calcareans reached their greatest diversity during the Cretaceous period.
Some molecular analyses suggest the class Calcarea is not exclusively related to other sponges, and should thus be designated as a phylum. This would also render Porifera (the sponge phylum) paraphyletic. Borchiellini et al. (2001) argued that calcareans were more closely related to Eumetazoa (non-sponge animals) than to other sponges.[9] A few studies have also supported a sister group relationship between calcareans and Ctenophora (comb jellies). Many authors have strongly doubted the hypothesis of sponge paraphyly, arguing that genetic studies have incomplete sampling and are incompatible with the unique anatomical traits shared by living sponges.[10]
Calcarea is divided into two subclasses (Calcinea and Calcaronea) and a number of orders.[4][5] The two subclasses are mainly distinguished by spicule orientation, soft tissue and developmental traits. For example, calcineans develop from a parenchymella (a larva with a solid center and radial symmetry). Calcaroneans, on the other hand, develop from an amphiblastula (a larva with a hollow center and semi-bilateral symmetry).[11][4]
Class Calcarea
Subclass Calcinea
Order Clathrinida [Holocene]
Order Murrayonida [Holocene]
Subclass Calcaronea
Order Baerida [Pleistocene–Holocene]
Order Leucosolenida / Sycettida [Carboniferous?–Holocene]
Incertae sedis
Order Lithonida [Jurassic–Holocene]
Order †Sphaerocoeliida [Permian–Cretaceous]
Order †Stellispongiida [Permian–Holocene?]
Genus †Gravestockia [Cambrian]
References
"Calcarea". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2021-08-22.
Richard Hertwig (1912). A Manual of Zoology. Translated by J. S. Kingsley. New York: Henry Holt & Co. p. 204. "The calc sponges are exclusively marine and mostly live in shallow water."
Ruppert, Edward; Fox, Richard; Barnes, Robert (2003). Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach (7th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0030259821.
Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part E, Revised. Porifera, Volume 3: Classes Demospongea, Hexactinellida, Heteractinida & Calcarea, xxxi + 872 p., 506 fig., 1 table, 2004, available here. ISBN 0-8137-3131-3.
Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part E, Revised. Porifera, Volumes 4 & 5: Hypercalcified Porifera, Paleozoic Stromatoporoidea & Archaeocyatha, liii + 1223 p., 665 figs., 2015, available here. ISBN 978-0-9903621-2-8.
Botting, Joseph P.; Butterfield, Nicholas J. (2005). "Reconstructing early sponge relationships by using the Burgess Shale fossil Eiffelia globosa , Walcott". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (5): 1554–1559. doi:10.1073/pnas.0405867102. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 547825. PMID 15665105.
Symbiont transmission in marine sponges: reproduction, development, and metamorphosis
Nadhira, Ardianty; Sutton, Mark D.; Botting, Joseph P.; Muir, Lucy A.; Gueriau, Pierre; King, Andrew; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Siveter, David J.; Siveter, Derek J. (2019). "Three-dimensionally preserved soft tissues and calcareous hexactins in a Silurian sponge: implications for early sponge evolution". Royal Society Open Science. 6 (7): 190911. doi:10.1098/rsos.190911. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 6689616. PMID 31417767.
Borchiellini, C.; Manuel, M.; Alivon, E.; Boury-Esnault, N.; Vacelet, J.; Le Parco, Y. (2001-01-08). "Sponge paraphyly and the origin of Metazoa: Sponge paraphyly". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 171–179. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00244.x.
Wörheide, G.; Dohrmann, M.; Erpenbeck, D.; Larroux, C.; Maldonado, M.; Voigt, O.; Borchiellini, C.; Lavrov, D.V. (2012), "Deep Phylogeny and Evolution of Sponges (Phylum Porifera)", Advances in Sponge Science: Phylogeny, Systematics, Ecology, Elsevier, pp. 1–78, retrieved 2023-04-28
Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part E, Revised. Porifera, Volume 2: Introduction to the Porifera, xxvii + 349 p., 135 fig., 10 tables, 2003, available here. ISBN 0-8137-3130-5.
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