Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Spiralia
Cladus: Platyzoa
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Subphylum: Rhabditophora
Ordo: Rhabdocoela
Subordines (2): Dalytyphloplanida – Kalyptorhynchia
Name
Rhabdocoela Ehrenberg, 1831
References
Zamparo, D. et al. 2001: Phylogenetic analysis of the Rhabdocoela (Platyhelminthes) with emphasis on the Neodermata and relatives. Zoologica scripta, 30(1): 59–77. DOI: 10.1046/j.1463-6409.2001.00050.x
Links
Rhabdocoela in the World Register of Marine Species
Rhabdocoela is an order of flatworms in the class Rhabditophora with about 1700 species described worldwide. The order was first described in 1831 by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg.[1] Most of rhabdocoels are free-living organisms, but some live symbiotically with other animals.[2]
Description
Although Rhabdocoela is a highly supported group in molecular studies, there is no clear morphological synapomorphy that unites them. All rhabdocoels have a bulbous pharynx, but this is shared with other flatworm groups, such as Neodermata, Lecithoepitheliata and some species of Prolecithophora.[3]
Some possibly identified synapomorphies are found in the ultrastructure of the protonephridial system, but similar constructions exist in other groups. Another possible apomorphy is found in the ultrastructure of the sperm, which has a dense heel on the basal bodies during spermiogenesis, but some groups have lost this feature.[3]
Classification
Rhabdocoels were traditionally classified in two groups, Dalyellioida and Typhloplanoida, although this system was suspected to be artificial. Later, molecular studies have shown that these groups were not monophyletic.[4] One subgroup of Dalyellioida, Fecampiida, does not group within Rhabdocoela, but is closely related to Tricladida and Prolecithophora. The group Kalyptorhynchia, previously a subgroup of Thyphloplanoida, appears to be the sister-group of most other rhabdocoels, which form a clade named Dalytyphloplanida.[3] Recently, a third group, Mariplanellida, was erected based on molecular phylogeny.[5]
Ecology
Most rhabdocoels are freshwater organisms. Some groups, such as typhloplanids, are predators, the main prey being cladocerans.[6] Others feed on algae and may incorporate them in their tissues.[7]
The temnocephalidans all live as ectosymbionts or parasites of other freshwater animals, such as arthropods, mollusks, and turtles.[8]
References
"WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Rhabdocoela". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2022-12-30.
Tessens, Bart; Janssen, Toon; Artois, Tom (2014). "Molecular phylogeny of Kalyptorhynchia (Rhabdocoela, Platyhelminthes) inferred from ribosomal sequence data". Zoologica Scripta. 43 (5): 519–530. doi:10.1111/zsc.12066. ISSN 0300-3256. S2CID 86369823.
Willems, Wim R.; Wallberg, Andreas; Jondelius, Ulf; Littlewood, David T. J.; Backeljau, Thierry; Schockaert, Ernest R.; Artois, Tom J. (2006). "Filling a gap in the phylogeny of flatworms: relationships within the Rhabdocoela (Platyhelminthes), inferred from 18S ribosomal DNA sequences". Zoologica Scripta. 35 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2005.00216.x. hdl:1942/1609. ISSN 0300-3256. S2CID 85917387.
Littlewood, D. T. J.; Rohde, K.; Clough, K. A. (1999). "The interrelationships of all major groups of Platyhelminthes: phylogenetic evidence from morphology and molecules". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 66 (1): 75–114. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01918.x. ISSN 0024-4066.
Van Steenkiste, Niels W. L.; Leander, Brian S. (31 January 2022). "The molecular phylogenetic position of Mariplanella piscadera sp. nov. reveals a new major group of rhabdocoel flatworms: Mariplanellida status novus (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela)". Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 22 (3): 577–584. doi:10.1007/s13127-022-00542-2. eISSN 1618-1077. ISSN 1439-6092. S2CID 246467772.
Dumont, Henri; Rietzler, Arnola; Han, Bo-Ping (2014). "A review of typhloplanid flatworm ecology, with emphasis on pelagic species". Inland Waters. 4 (3): 257–270. doi:10.5268/IW-4.3.558. ISSN 2044-2041. S2CID 85379992.
Douglas, Angela E. (2007). "Experimental studies on symbioticChlorellain the Neorhabdocoel Turbellaria Dalyellia viridis and Typhloplana viridata". British Phycological Journal. 22 (2): 157–161. doi:10.1080/00071618700650181. ISSN 0007-1617.
Cristina Damborenea, M.; Cannon, Lester R. G. (2001). "On neotropical Temnocephala (Platyhelminthes)". Journal of Natural History. 35 (8): 1103–1118. doi:10.1080/00222930152434454. ISSN 0022-2933. S2CID 85828730.
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