Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Spiralia
Cladus: Lophotrochozoa
Phylum: Mollusca
Classis: Gastropoda
Subclassis: Vetigastropoda
Ordo: Trochida
Superfamilia: Trochoidea
Familia: Turbinidae
Subfamilia: Turbininae
Genus: Turbo
Subgenera: T. (Aspilaturbo) – T. (Carswellena) – T. (Lunatica) – T. (Marmarostoma) – T. (Turbo)
Overview of species
Species: T. castaneus – T. imperialis – T. marmoratus – T. rhectogrammicus
Name
Turbo Linnaeus, 1758
Type species: Turbo petholatus Linnaeus, 1758
Species names in synonymy
Turbo striatus Da Costa, 1778 = Pomatias elegans (O.F. Müller, 1774)
References
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio Decima, Reformata. Tomus I. Holmiæ (Stockholm): impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. 824 pp. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542 BHL Reference page.
Additional references
Alf, A. & Kreipl, K., 2015. A new species of the family Turbinidae Rafinesque, 1815 from Saint Brandon, Western Indian Ocean. Spixiana, 38(1): 3–10. Full article (PDF). Reference page.
Turbo is a genus of large sea snails with gills and an operculum, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.[2]
Turbo is the type genus of the family.
Description
The shells of species in this genus are more or less highly conspiral, thick, about 20–200 mm, first whorls bicarinate, last whorl large often with strong spiral sculpture, knobs or spines, base convex, with or without umbilicus. Species in this genus have a round aperture and a solid, dome-shaped calcareous operculum. This circular operculum commences as a multispiral disc, like that of a Trochus, upon the outer side of which is deposited a thin calcareous layer by a lobe of the foot which projects partly over it. This arrangement produces an operculum which exhibits all the whorls beneath, but which is only feebly, or not obviously spiral above, from the more or less general distribution of the calcareous matter.
The radula is broad and generally rather short. The median, lateral and marginal teeth are always present, and the formula is invariably ∞.5.1.5.∞. The central teeth contain no cusps. The median tooth consists of a narrow oblong quadrate basal plate, frequently with accessory plates of various forms, to the lower end of which is attached the oval body of the tooth,—a simple plate without cusp, bearing supporting wings at the sides. Frequently the central teeth are asymmetrical in this group. The laterals bear supporting wings at their outer angles, and are various in form, with or without cusps. The inner marginals are very large, with large cusps.[3]
The first Turbo species were found in the Upper Cretaceous, approximately 100 million years ago.
Taxonomy
According to Alf et al.[4] the genus Turbo is divided in 16 Recent subgenera. The number of presently known living species in Turbo is 66, plus five subspecies.
Species
Species in the genus Turbo include:[5][4][6]
Turbo acutangulus Linnaeus, 1758 (taxon inquirendum)
Turbo albofasciatus Bozzetti, 1994
Turbo angelvaldesi Ortea & Espinosa, 1996
Turbo argyrostomus Linnaeus, 1758 - Silver-mouth Turban
Turbo artensis Montrouzier, 1860
Turbo bozzettiana Bozzetti, 2011
Turbo bruneus (Röding, 1798) - Brown Dwarf Turban
Turbo cailletii P. Fischer & Bernardi, 1856 - Filose turban
Turbo canaliculatus Hermann, 1781 - channeled turban
Turbo castanea Gmelin, 1791 - Chestnut turban
† Turbo chevalieri Magne & Vergneau-Saubade, 1971
Turbo chrysostomus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo cidaris Gmelin, 1791 - Crown turban
Turbo cornutus Lightfoot, 1786 - horned turban
Turbo crassus W. Wood, 1828
Turbo debesi Kreipl & Alf, 2000
† Turbo embergeri Magne & Vergneau-Saubade, 1971
Turbo euthymi Jousseaume, 1881
Turbo excellens G. W. Sowerby III, 1914
Turbo exquisitus Angas, 1877 - Equisite turban
† Turbo fakaauensis Tröndlé & Letourneux, 2012
† Turbo faurei Magne & Vergneau-Saubade, 1971
† Turbo fittoni Basterot, 1825
Turbo fluctuosus W. Wood, 1828 - Wavy turban
Turbo funiculosus Kiener, 1848
Turbo gemmatus Reeve, 1848
† Turbo grangensis Pritchard, 1909
† Turbo granulosus (Grateloup, 1827)
Turbo gruneri Philippi, 1846 - Gruner's turban
Turbo haraldi Robertson, 1957
Turbo haynesi (Preston, 1914) - Hayne's turban
Turbo heisei Prado, 1999
Turbo heterocheilus Pilsbry, 1888
Turbo histrio Reeve, 1848
† Turbo histrioides Kase, Tomida, Inoue & Kadota, 2020
Turbo hosodai Tomida & Kadota, 2014
Turbo imperialis Gmelin, 1791
Turbo intercostalis Menke, 1846 - Ribbed turban
† Turbo ishidai Tomida, Sano & Kase, 2021
† Turbo izuensis Kase, Tomida, Inoue & Kadota, 2020
Turbo japonicus Reeve, 1848
Turbo jonathani Dekker, Moolenbeck & Dance, 1992
Turbo jourdani Kiener, 1839 - Jourdan's turban
Turbo kenwilliamsi Williams, 2008 - Beautiful turban
Turbo laetus Philippi, 1849
Turbo lajonkairii (Deshayes, 1839)
Turbo laminiferus Reeve, 1848 - crinkly turban
† Turbo lesperonensis Magne & Vergneau-Saubade, 1971
Turbo lorenzi Alf & Kreipl, 2015
† Turbo maderensis Magne & Vergneau-Saubade, 1971
Turbo magnificus Jonas, 1844 - Magifecent turban
Turbo marisrubri Kreipl & Alf, 2001
Turbo markusrufi Kreipl & Alf, 2003
Turbo marmoratus Linnaeus, 1758 - Green turban
† Turbo matsuzakiensis Tomida & Kadota, 2012
Turbo mazatlanicus Pilsbry & H. N. Lowe, 1932
† Turbo mekamiensis Nishiwada, 1894
Turbo militaris Reeve, 1848 - Military turban
† Turbo minoensis Itoigawa, 1960
Turbo moluccensis Philippi, 1846
Turbo moolenbeeki Dekkers & Dekker, 2016
† Turbo moorei Hayward, 1981
† Turbo multicarinatus Grateloup, 1832
† Turbo neuvillei Cossmann & Peyrot, 1917
† Turbo oryctus (Suter, 1917)
† Turbo ozawai Otsuka, 1938 †
†Turbo parvuloides Nomura, 1940
Turbo petholatus Linnaeus, 1758
Turbo radiatus Gmelin, 1791
Turbo reevii Philippi, 1847 - Reeve's turban
Turbo sandwicensis (Pease, 1861) - Hawaiian top shell
† Turbo sanoi Tomida & Kadota, 2012
Turbo sarmaticus Linnaeus, 1758 - South African turban, giant periwinkle, alikreukel
Turbo saxosus W. Wood, 1828 - Stony turban
Turbo sazae Fukuda, 2017[7]
Turbo scitulus (Dall, 1919) - Galapagos turban
Turbo setosus Gmelin, 1791 - Rough turban
Turbo smithi G.B. Sowerby III, 1886 - Miniature turban
Turbo sparverius Gmelin, 1791 - Corded Turban
Turbo squamiger Reeve, 1843
Turbo stenogyrus P. Fischer, 1873 - Miniature turban
† Turbo subsetosus d'Orbigny, 1852
† Turbo tenisoni Finlay, 1927
Turbo ticaonicus Reeve, 1848: synonym of Turbo bruneus (Röding, 1798)
Turbo tuberculosus Quoy & Gaimard, 1834
Turbo tursicus (Reeve, 1843)
Turbo walteri Kreipl & Dekker, 2009
† Turbo yoshiharuyabei Tomida & Kadota, 2012
Synonyms
The following species were brought into synonymy:[2]
Synonyms of Turbo
Shell and operculum of Turbo tuberculosus
The following species are nomina nuda (names not published with an adequate description):[2]
Turbo curvatus Chiereghini MS, Brusina, 1870 (nomen nudum): accepted as Eulima philippii Weinkauff, 1868
The following species are alternate representation:[2]
Turbo setosus Gmelin, 1843 represented as Turbo setosus Gmelin, 1791 (alternate representation)
The following species are nomina dubia (names of unknown or doubtful application):[2]
Turbo articulatus Reeve, 1848 (nomen dubium)
Turbo concinnus Philippi, 1846 (nomen dubium)
Turbo crellenus Linnaeus, 1758 (nomen dubium)
Turbo disjunctus Anton, 1838 (nomen dubium)
Turbo elegans Philippi, 1846 (nomen dubium)
Turbo margaritaceus Linnaeus, 1758 (nomen dubium)
Turbo pustulatus Brocchi, 1821 (nomen dubium)
Turbo variabilis Reeve, 1842 (nomen dubium)
Temporary names:
† Turbo geniculatus Brocchi, 1814
The following species are species inquirenda (names with uncertain or disputed validity):[2]
Turbo regenfusii Deshayes, 1843 - great green turban
Human uses
When the Caribbean hermit crab, Coenobita clypeatus, or "purple pincher" as it is known in the pet trade is kept as a house pet, Turbo shells are a favorite choice of shells for the crab.
Turbo cornutus, common name the "horned turban", is an expensive food item in Korea, and Japan, where they are known as sazae.[citation needed]
The attractively colored operculum of at least two different Turbo species has been used for various decorative purposes, including in jewelry and buttons. These opercula are sometimes known as "cat's eyes".
References
Notes
Linnaeus C. (1758). Systema Naturae, ed. 10, 761; 1767, ed. 12, 1232.
Bouchet, P.; Rosenberg, G. (2012). Turbo Linnaeus, 1758. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=151576 on 2012-09-27
G.W. Tryon (1888), Manual of Conchology X; Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia
Alf A., Kreipl K. & Poppe G. T. (2003) The Family Turbinidae, Subfamily Turbininae, Genus Turbo. In: Poppe G. T. & Groh K. (eds.): A Conchological Iconography: 68 pp., 95 colour plates, ConchBooks, Hackenheim, ISBN 3-925919-27-9.
WoRMS : Turbo accessed : 18 October 2010]
Turbo. ITIS. Accessed 22 November 2008
Hiroshi Fukuda (2017), Nomenclature of the horned turbans previously known as Turbo cornutus (Lightfoot), 1786 and Turbo chinensis Ozawa & Tomida, 1995 (Vetigastropoda: Trochoidea: Turbinidae) from China, Japan and Korea; Molluscan Research Vol. 0 , Iss. 0,0
Sources
Alf A., Kreipl K. & Poppe G. T. (2003) The Family Turbinidae, Subfamily Turbininae, Genus Turbo. In: Poppe G. T. & Groh K. (eds.): A Conchological Iconography: 68 pp., 95 colour plates, ConchBooks, Hackenheim, ISBN 3-925919-27-9.
Williams, S.T. (2007). Origins and diversification of Indo-West Pacific marine fauna: evolutionary history and biogeography of turban shells (Gastropoda, Turbinidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 92, 573–592.
Williams S. (2008) The calcareous operculum as a character for defining subgenera in the marine gastropod genus Turbo. Vita Malacologica 7: 1-13. [16 December 2008]
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