Pholadidae

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Spiralia
Cladus: Lophotrochozoa
Phylum: Mollusca
Classis: Bivalvia
Subclassis: Heterodonta
Ordo: Myoida

Familia: Pholadidae
Subfamilia: Jouannetiinae - Martesiinae - Pholadinae - Xylophagainae
Name

Pholadidae Lamarck, 1809
Vernacular names
polski: skałotoczowate

Pholadidae, known as piddocks or angelwings, are a family of bivalve molluscs similar to a clam.
Background

Piddocks are unique in that each side of their shells is divided into 2 or 3 separate sections. Furthermore, one of the piddock's shells has a set of ridges or "teeth", which they use to grind away at clay or soft rock and create tubular burrows. The shape of these burrows is due to the rotating motion of the piddock as it grinds the rock to make its home. The piddock stays in the burrow it digs for the entirety of its eight-year lifespan, with only its siphon exposed to take in water that it filters for food. When the piddock dies and leaves an empty tubular burrow, other marine life such as sea anemone, crabs and other molluscs may use the burrow.

Some species of Pholadidae may reach up to 18 cm (7″). Their coloration is typically white, though through consumption of red tide algae some may develop a pink coloration.

The angelwing species Cyrtopleura costata has approximately 26 radiating ribs. Growth lines run horizontally over the surface of the shell. Angelwings have a spoon-shaped brace under the beak of the shell, called the apophysis, where the mollusc's foot muscles are attached. Cyrtopleura costata possesses long siphons which protrude from its burrow and circulate water as the source for its food supply. It cannot retract its siphons into the protection of its shell, so the two valves can never shut completely. The muscles fusing the shell's valves together are weak, making it rare to find angelwings with both halves still intact. Some shell hunters dig for the living clam, and if dug up, the fragile shell must be placed immediately into a container of water or it will close and shatter. The angelwing's shell is popular with collectors, as well as a delicious food staple. The angelwing lives offshore and in estuaries, sometimes as much as a metre (three feet) deep in the mud or clay.
The Atlantic mud-piddock, Barnea truncata, often referred to as the fallen angelwing, is classed among the angelwing varieties, growing up to 5.7 cm (2¼″) and is similar to other angelwings but with weaker sculpture. One end is squared off and the other end pointed. Loose accessory plates are located above the hinge on live specimens. It possesses a white exterior and interior. It burrows into mud, clay or softwood. Occasionally it is washed onto sounds and ocean beaches, and has a habitat range from Nova Scotia[1] to Brazil. This fragile shell is rarely dug from mud without breaking. It burrows deeply and has long, united siphons.
The false angelwing Petricola pholadiformis, is also classed among varieties of angelwing, growing up to 7 cm (2¾″). It has a thin, elongate shell resembling a small angelwing but lacks the rolled-out hinge area. Its beak is at one end of the shell with strong radial ribbing on the beak end. Teeth are located on hinge and a deep pallial sinus and partially united siphons. It has a white exterior and interior. It typically burrows into hard surfaces such as clay or peat in intertidal zones. It is commonly found on sounds and ocean beaches with a range from Canada to Uruguay.
The common piddock (Pholas dactylus) is known for its bioluminescence[2][3] and was investigated by Raphaël Dubois in his 1887 discovery of luciferin.

Genera and selected species

Genus Aspidopholas P. Fischer, 1887
Aspidopholas yoshimurai Kuroda & Teramachi, 1930
Genus Barnea Risso, 1826
Barnea candida Linnaeus, 1758
Barnea davidi (Deshayes, 1874)
Barnea fragilis (G. B. Sowerby II, 1849)
Barnea manilensis (Philippi, 1847)
Barnea parva Pennant, 1777
Barnea similis (Gray, 1835)
Barnea subtruncata (G. B. Sowerby I, 1834)
Barnea truncata (Say, 1822)

Two views of a whole shell of Barnea candida

Genus Chaceia Turner, 1855
Chaceia ovoidea (Gould, 1851)
Genus Cyrtopleura Tryon, 1862
Cyrtopleura costata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Genus Diplothyra Tryon, 1862
Diplothyra smithii Tryon, 1862
Genus Jouannetia Desmoulins, 1828
Jouannetia quillingi Turner, 1955
Genus Lignopholas R. D. Turner, 1955
Lignopholas rivicola (G. B. Sowerby II, 1849)
Genus Martesia G. B. Sowerby I, 1824
Martesia cuneiformis (Say, 1822)
Martesia fragilis A. E. Verrill and Bush, 1890
Martesia striata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Genus Netastoma Carpenter, 1864
Netastoma darwinii (Sowerby, 1849)
Netastoma japonicum (Yokoyama, 1920)
Netastoma rostratum (Valenciennes, 1846)
Genus Nipponopholas Okamoto & Habe, 1987
Nipponopholas satoi Okamoto & Habe, 1987
Genus Parapholas Conrad, 1848
Parapholas californica (Conrad, 1837)
Genus Penitella Valenciennes, 1846
Penitella conradi Valenciennes, 1846
Penitella fitchi Turner, 1955
Penitella gabbii (Tryon, 1863)
Penitella hopkinsi Kennedy and Armentrout, 1989
Penitella kamakurensis (Yokoyama, 1922)
Penitella penita (Conrad, 1837)
Penitella richardsoni Kennedy, 1989
Penitella turnerae Evans and Fisher, 1966
Genus Pholadidea Turton, 1819
Pholadidea acherontea Beu and Climo, 1974
Pholadidea loscombiana Turton, 1819
Pholadidea spathulata (Sowerby, 1850)
Pholadidea tridens (Gray, 1843)
Genus Pholas Linnaeus, 1758
Pholas campechiensis Gmelin, 1791
Pholas dactylus Linnaeus, 1758 – common piddock
Pholas orientalis Gmelin, 1791
Genus Talona Gray, 1842
Talona explanata (Spengler, 1792)
Genus Zirfaea Gray, 1842
Zirfaea crispata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Zirfaea pilsbryi Lowe, 1931